Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psycopathology > Psychiatric Classification And Assessment > Flashcards

Psychiatric Classification And Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of psychiatric classification from a clinical perspective?

A
  • provides a means to identify mental illness
  • Assists in choosing appropriate treatment
  • Helps to predict prognosis
  • Provides an efficient manner to communicate information to professionals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the benefit of psychiatric classification from a scientific perspective?

A

Provides a way for researchers to study homogeneous sample of patients

The homogeneity enhances the likelihood of discovering important facts about the condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the benefit of psychiatric classification from the patient’s perspective?

A

A label often brings relief to patients and their families

-often reduces sense of isolation and confusion about their psychological experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are classification concerns/detrimental effects to labeling?

A
  • social stigma of mental illness can lead to discrimination
  • labeling may cause doctors to overlook unique differences between patients, which can lead to suboptimal treatment
  • mislabeling can lead to wrong treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are classification concerns about the accuracy of a diagnosis?

A

There are concerns about the reliability(reproducibility ) of the diagnoses

There are concerns about the validity (accuracy) of the diagnostic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the problems with the current labeling system?

A

Current labeling system is categorical while behavior is dimensional

In a categorical system, the criteria that define abnormality mag change over time

  • Type and number of systems
  • Duration and frequency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give 2 examples of psychiatric classification systems

A

International Statistical Clarification of diseases and health related problems

  • published by the WHO
  • Includes “Mental and behavioral disorders”

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental 5 th edition

Published by the American Psychiatric Association 2013

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the DSM 5

A

Includes diagnostic criteria for 300+vspecific mental disorders, grouped across 22 broad categories of mental illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the basic features of the DSM 5 (come back for chart)

A

Includes diagnostic criteria for each psychiatric disorder-

-number of symptoms required from a specified symptom list and frequency and time duration requirement

Has descriptive information -epidemiology, risk factors, lab findings , differentials

-DSM 5 considered a theoretical (no discussion of etiology or treatment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DSM 5 is described as able to give provisional diagnoses , why is that?

A

Used if one presumes the criteria are or will be met for the disorder but either

  • patient information is unavailable and expected to be confirmed upon inquiry or
  • Required symptoms are present, but the duration criterion is NOT YET but expected to be met

Insert the word “provisional” after the name I’d the specific disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DSM 5 is described as being able to give “unspecified” diagnoses, why is that?

A

-Used if a patient does NOT meet criteria for a specific disorder but has significant symptoms within a given diagnostic category

Insert the word “unspecified” before the name of the diagnostic category.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

According to the DSM 5 when should the terms “prior history” or “in remission” be used?

A

Descriptors are used when a patient has been previously diagnosed with a disorder but the symptoms are no longer present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give examples of diagnosticcautions

A
  • Consider cultural factors before diagnosing

- avoid tendencies to under or over diagnose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What tools are used to assess behavior?

A
  • The diagnostic behavior
  • mental status exam
  • iq testing
  • Psychological testing (objective tests, projective tests)
  • neuropsychological testing
  • other assessment techniques
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a diagnostic interview?

A

Goal is to gather sufficient information to arrive at a diagnosis and treatment plan

Interviews may be structured or have a semi-structured format

Rapport setting is essential to gathering accurate and honest information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe structured diagnostic interviews

A

Information is gathered by asking questions in a check-list fashion using standardized questionnaires such as:

  • Diagnostic Interview Schedule ( DIS)
  • Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe a semi-structured diagnostic interview

A

Information is gathered by asking open-ended questions, covering key topic areas including :

  • Identifying information
  • History of complaint
  • Psychological history
  • Medical and psychiatric history (including substance use)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a mental status exam (MSE)?

A

An assessment of a patient’s current mental functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What aspects of a person’s functioning does the MSE include?

A

“ASEPTIC “

A- appearance and behaviors
S- speech (rate, amount)
E- emotions (mood and affect)
P-perception(hallucinations)
T-thought content(delusions, obsessions) and logical ness ofthought
I- insight and judgement 
C-Cognition (formally tested)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the cognition testing for the MSE

A

Involves a brief screening

  • orientation(time and place)
  • attention and memory
  • visuospatial functioning
  • language
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the mini-mental state examination (MMSE)?

A
  • A 30 part screening test “Folstein”

- Screens for cognitive impairment for the first part of the mental state exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is intelligence testing?

A

Assessment of a complex set of mental abilities that relate to a persons capacity to solve problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the Stanford-Binet intelligence test

A
  • First standardized IQ test

- Good for extremes in intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the Wechsler intelligence test

A

The most commonly used IQ test,

Includes verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the ages for the Wechsler intelligence tests

A

Wechsler adult intelligence scale - ages 16 -90

Wechsler intelligence scale for children- ages 6-16

Wechsler preschool and primary scale ages 2:6-7:7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are objective psychological tests?

A

Tests that use ambiguous stimuli and do not require interpretation by a patient

These are the T/F question …”am I high strung?” For example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI-2)

A
  • About 600 T/F questions
  • Self report
  • Validity scales(e.g. consistency)
  • Clinical scales(e.g. depression)
  • Interpret pattern(even if within normal limits)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the Millon Clinical Multiaxial inventory as an objective psych test (MCMI)

A
  • About 175 T/F questions
  • Designed to correspond to the DSM classification system
  • Used Pyruvate screen people for serious psychological problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI) as an objective psychological test

A

21-item self-report inventory

Patient indicates which statement best describes the way they have been feeling

Level of depression can be quantified and monitored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are projective psychological tests?

A

Tests that use ambiguous stimuli, which requires interpretation

  • ambiguous Stimuli serve as a way for patients to project their thoughts
  • interpret themes in answers provided by patient (not just one answer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe the Rorschach test as a projective psychological test

A

Ink blots, patient states what ink blot is and their rationale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe the thematic appreciation test ( TAT) as a protective psychological test

A
  • select relevant pictures (out of 30)

- patient tells a story with description of thoughts and feelings of characters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe Children’s Appreception Test (CAT) as a projective psychological test

A

-Children’s version of the TAT (3-10)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is neuropsychological testing ?

A

A comprehensive evaluation of a person’s cognitive functions (e.g. attention, memory, language, visuospatial)

Tests are used to help determine whether brain dysfunction is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Give examples of Neuropsychological testing

A
  • Bender Gestalt Test- copying geometric figures) of visuospatial abilities (parietal lobe test)
  • Wisconsin Card Sorting Test- of executive functions (prefrontal lobe test)
  • Stroop test -prefrontal love test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe behavioral inventory as a behavioral assessment

A

Provides a baseline frequency of an undesired behavior so that any change from baseline can be monitored (e.g. the frequency of insomnia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe cognitive inventory as a behavioral assessment

A

Identifies thoughts preceding, during and after a maladaptive behavior (e.g. thoughts that lead to binge eating )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe bodily inventory as a behavioral assessment

A

It documents physiological measures( e.g. blood pressures, muscle tension in association with thoughts/behaviors)

Helps to gain insight into behavioral/psychological state and thus guide treatment

39
Q

What is stress?

A

The unpleasant emotional experience triggered by various stimuli

Typically experienced, when a person perceives that demands exceed their resources

40
Q

What are the components of stress?

A
  • Behavioral
  • Physiological
  • Psychological
41
Q

Explain the physiological component of stress

A

Increased heart rate, blood pressure and pulse rate; sweating, muscle tension, teeth clenching, shortness of breath, etc.

42
Q

Explain the psychological component of stress

A

Anxiety, dysphoria, anger, irritability, inattention, memory loss, reduced, confidence, disinterest

43
Q

Explain the behavioral component of stress

A

Social withdrawal, change in sleep/eating patterns, aggression, conduct disturbance, drug use

44
Q

What are stressors?

A

Events that cause stress, varies from person to person and how the event is perceived and handled

45
Q

Explain the physiological basis of stress

A

Stressors activate the amygdala (fear center) which stimulates the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and

causes release of cortisol and adrenaline

These hormones are related stress related activities including anxiety

46
Q

Why are certain people more vulnerable to stress ?

A

Due to physiological make up and life experiences

47
Q

What is the goal of therapy?

A

To assist vulnerable people in becoming more resilient to stressors by increasing their coping skills

48
Q

What are general strategies of treatment of Stress-Related Problems?

A
  • Having knowledge of the situation
  • Being prepared for adversity, being prepared for stressful situations
  • utilizing social support
49
Q

Discuss Relaxation Training as a treatment for stress

A

PMR, diaphragmatic breathing: patient is shown how to release muscle tension and slow breathing rate to reduce anxiety

50
Q

Discuss Cognitive Therapy as a treatment for Stress

A

Patient learns to have a productive internal dialogue (I.e. to think about things in a more adaptive framework)

51
Q

Discuss medications as a treatment for stress

A

Medications, (benzodiazepines, antidepressants): they help to diminish the acute intense feelings of stress that disrupts problem-solving

52
Q

Stress serves as a ….

A

Motivator

53
Q

What is Yerkes-Dodson Law?

A

Low and high levels of stress are associated with low performance levels

54
Q

Although stress exacerbated almost all mental illness…

A

There are several DSM diagnoses particularly related to stress

55
Q

What diagnostic Categories are related to Stressors?

A

A. Post traumatic Stress Disorder

B. Acute Stress Disorder

C. Adjustment Disorders

D. Reactive Attachment Disorder

E. Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

56
Q

Explain PTSD

A

Exposure to traumatic stress disorder whether exposure is direct or witnessing

57
Q

What are the 4 types of symptoms of PTSD?

A
  • Intrusion symptoms
  • avoidance symptoms
  • negative alterations in cognition and mood
  • alterations in arousal and reactivity
58
Q

What are the intrusion symptoms of PTSD?

A
  • dreams
  • recollections
  • feeling event reoccur
  • psychological or physiological distress when encounters symbols
59
Q

Explain the avoidance symptoms of PTSD

A

Symptoms such as avoidance of thoughts, places or conversations, that rare reminders event

60
Q

Explain the negative alterations in cognition and mood in PTSD

A

Symptoms include:

  • Negative beliefs/expectations
  • negative emotional stress
  • inability to experience positive emotion
  • diminished interest/participation in activities
  • detachment from others
  • dissociative amnesia
61
Q

Discuss the arousal and reactivity symptoms of PTSD

A

Symptoms such as:

  • Sleep disturbance
  • irritable and angry outbursts
  • reckless or self-destructive behavior
  • concentration problems
  • hypervigilance
  • exaggerated startle response
62
Q

Discuss duration and onset of PTSD

A

Symptoms must last over 1 month

Symptoms usually begin within 3 months of the trauma but can begin anytime in the future

63
Q

What populations are vulnerable to PTSD?

A

In young adults but cam happen to anyone, orthopedic patients have a high rate of PTSD

64
Q

Describe Acute Stress Disorder

A

Exposure to traumatic stressor

Numerous PTSD like symptoms are experienced

Duration of disorder is 3 days to 1 month

65
Q

Discuss treatments for PTSD/ASD

A

General Psychotherapy

Behavioral psychotherapy ( desensitization techniques)

Pharmological

  • Benzodiazepines (for short-term responses)
  • Antidepressants
66
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria of adjustment disorder?

A

development of significant and disproportional emotional/behavioral symptoms in direct response to an identifiable psychosocial stressor

Stressor are often an ordinary life experience but can be traumatic

67
Q

What is the cause of adjustment disorder?

A

Inferred by acute onset (symptoms develop within a few months of stressor onset) and brief duration

(symptoms are expected to resolve within a few months after stressor termination, if stressor termination is possible)

68
Q

What are the adjustment disorder subtypes?

A
  • with depressive mood
  • with anxiety
  • with disturbance of conduct(external I zing behavior)
  • with mixed anxiety and depressed mood
  • with mixed disturbances of emotion and conduct
  • unspecified (maladaptive )
69
Q

Give the details on adjustment disorder being diagnosed with another disorder

A

If enough symptoms are present following the stressor such that another disorder’s diagnostic criteria are met, then that other disorder is diagnosed, NOT adjustment disorder

Adjustment disorder is only diagnosed if there is a causal stressor AND no other disorder explains the symptoms

70
Q

Upon relocating to a new residence 2 months ago, a woman feels sad , disinterested and lethargic. The woman blames her symptoms on the relocation

What is the diagnosis?

A

Since relocating, she feels sad, disinterested and lethargic.

She has difficulty sleeping has lost weight and can’t concentrate

Symptoms meet criteria fir major depressive disorder MDD

71
Q

Discuss treatment of Adjustment Disorder

A

Treatment typically involves:

  • Psychotherapy (e.g. learning of coping strategies)
  • Involvement in support groups

Treatment MAY involve crisis intervention:

  • Hospitalization
  • psychotropic medications
72
Q

Describe a Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

A

Child has a history of extremely insufficient care(e.g. social neglect, repeated changes in caregivers)

73
Q

What are symptoms of Reactive attachment disorder RAD?

A
  1. Inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers
  2. Social and emotional disturbance such as:
    • minimal social emotional responses
    • limited positive affect
    • unexplained irritability, sadness, fearfulness during interactions with caregivers

Symptoms emerge before age 5

74
Q

Describe RAD treatment

A

Short term: medical support for any associated physical neglect

Long term:
Psychotherapy
Parental education, training, and support
Residential treatment programs-enriched environment with strict, consistent rules
-goals build on trust, self esteem and empathy

75
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)?

A

Child has a history of extremely insufficient care (e.g. social neglect, changes in caregivers)

Causing:

A child approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults and exhibits disinhibition

Symptoms emerge before age 5

76
Q

Compare RAD and DSED

A

DSED kids can have NORMAL attachment to caregivers

However, DSED is unmodulated and indiscriminate social behavior

77
Q

What is the treatment for DSED?

A

Psychotherapy

78
Q

What are the adult manifestations of DSED?

A

Unknown

79
Q

What is the most widely used to gather information about verbal and nonverbal information?

A

Diagnostic interview

80
Q

What is the purpose of a mental status exam?

A

Composed of:
clinical observation made during the interview

A brief screening of cognitive functioning

81
Q

What are tested in the Wechsler intelligence test?

A
  • verbal comprehension
  • Perceptual reasoning
  • Working memory
  • Processing speed
82
Q

What manifests along with gender Dysphoria?

A

Manifested with Atleast 6 of the following

  1. A strong desire to be the other gender
  2. strong preference for playmates of other gender
  3. Strong rejection of typical masculine/feminine toys, games and activities
  4. Preference for cross gender roles in play
  5. Strong dislike of one’s sexual anatomy
  6. Strong preference for cross dressing / strong resistance to wearing typical masculine/feminine clothing
  7. Preference for toys, games, activities stereotypically used by the other gender
  8. Strong desire for primary +/- secondary sex characteristics that match one’s experienced gender
83
Q

Give the onset and course of gender dysphoria

A

Onset of symptoms is early in life and independent of social pressures to conform to stereotypical gender role

Course:
-great distress

  • increased suicide risk
  • often victims of violence
84
Q

What is the etiology of gender dysphoria ?

A

A transgender identity is thought to result from an alteration in androgen exposure during critical periods of in-utero development as follows:

  • if XY and brain not androgenized at typical time, then a female gender identity develops
  • if XX and brain is adrogenized, then a male gender identity develops
85
Q

How can gender dysphoria be managed in adolescencts?

A

As they approach puberty, there is intense fear about the physical changes they will experience

-Supportive psychotherapy- to address issues of depression, anxiety

  • Puberty blocking medication
    • gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists
86
Q

How can gender dysphoria be managed in adults?

A

Supportive psychotherapy- to address issues of depression, anxiety

Hormone treatment

Surgical treatment

  • phalloplasty- creation of penis
  • vaginoplasty- creation of vagina
87
Q

Summarize what is sexual dysfunction

A

Problems with normal sexual response cycle

  • Desire
  • arousal
  • orgasm

Problem persist for at least 6 months

88
Q

What are the phases of sexual response ?

A

Desire

Arousal: excitement phase

Orgasm

Pain

89
Q

Explain desire as a phase of sexual response

A

Characteristics: drives, motivation, desires

Disorders: Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder: no fantasies or desires —> R/O depression, low testosterone, stress, marital problems

90
Q

Explain Arousal: excitement phase as a phase of the sexual response

A

Characteristics: sexual pleasure+ physiological response

Disorders:
-female sexual interest /arousal disorder: unable to achieve/maintain lubrication during sexual act, 1 in 3 women, R/O meds (antihistamine, anticholinergics)

-Erectile disorder: inability to attain or maintain erection until completion of sexual act —> R/O alcohol, smoking, diabetes, marital conflict

91
Q

Explain orgasm as a phase of sexual response

A

Characteristics: physiological state- sexual tension released, contractions of organs

Disorders
Female orgasmic disorder =inability to achieve an orgasm- masturbation of intercourse, 1 in 3 women, likelihood of orgasm increases with age.

Premature ejaculation= before the man wishes, before penetration, just after penetration —> public intercourse, prostitutes, backseat of car

Delayed ejaculation: delay in or absence of ejaculation

92
Q

Explain pain as a phase of the sexual response

A

Characteristics: subjective sense of pain with sexual act

Disorders:
Genito-pelvic / penetration disorder: difficulties with vaginal penetration or vulvovaginal/pelvic pain during intercourse /penetration attempts

93
Q

What are the specifies of gender dysphoria?

A
  • generalized or situational

- life-long or acquired

94
Q

Explain the Non-DSM terms of gender dysphoria

A
  • dyspareunia: Genital pain during intercourse
  • Vaginismus: involuntary vaginal contraction upon attempting coitus, making penetration difficult or painful. Sexual trauma, rape, anticipation of pain, strict religious upbringing associated with vaginismus

psycopathology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions