Theories Of Behavior Part 1 Flashcards
Describe the biological(organic) perspective of the theories of behavior
Mental illness is due to a disruption in function, the nature of which is biochemical
Describe the cognitive theory on theories of behavior
The cognitive perspective states the behavior is influenced by the way the person thinks
Emphasis is on mental processes (thoughts) that one is aware of, the fact thoughts affect emotion. (different emotions are produced based on how an event is interpreted)
Belief that maladaptive behavior results from distorted thoughts about ones self, the world and future
Name the types of cognitive distortions
- Overgeneralization
- Excessive responsibility
- Arbitrary inference
- Catastrophizing(magnifying)
- Selective abstracting (filtering)
- dichotomous (polorized) thinking
Describe overgeneralization-cognitive distortions
Making a negative global statement based on a single event
a woman thinks that all men are untrustworthy after one man cheats
Describe excessive responsibility -cognitive distortions
Blaming oneself for negative events that the person does not have control over( e.g. blaming oneself for another person’s shortcomings)
Describe arbitrary inference -cognitive distortions
Making a conclusion without sufficient and necessary evidence (e.g. concluding that a spouse is unfaithful because of arriving home late)
Describe catastrophizing(magnifying) -cognitive distortions
Viewing a situation as considerably worse than it is- it’s an excessive REACTION to a thought
Describe selective abstraction(filtering) -cognitive distortions
Focusing on a detail out of context while ignoring everything else in the context (e.g. dwelling on the one mistake you made during your presentation and ignoring the good parts)
Describe dichotomous (polarized) thinking-cognitive distortions
Viewing people, actions and experiences in one of two of extreme categories(e.g. good-bad all-none
Describe behavioral theory
Behaviors result from interacting with the environment, which causes learning
What are the 3 main methods of learning and their founders?
- classical conditioning( I. Pavlov)
- operant conditioning( B.F. Skinner)
- Vicarious Conditioning( A. Bandura)
Describe classical conditioning
Learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
This requires the 2 stimuli to be temporally Paired
What is an unconditioned stimulus ?
In classical conditioning - the cue that elicits a natural(unlearned )response (before learning)
What is an unconditioned response?
In classical conditions, the natural (unlearned) response to the Unconditioned stimulus (before learning)
What is a neutral stimulus?
The stimulus that prior to conditioning did not produce a response (before learning)
What is a conditioned stimulus?
In classical conditioning, after learning, because of the pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus now has a response ( the Same response as the unconditioned stimulus)
What is a conditioned response?
The learned responses to the conditioned stimulus
How can stimulus generalization due to classical conditioning?
When a conditioned response is elicited by stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus, not just the actual conditioned stimulus
How may stimulus discrimination occur due to classical conditioning?
When a conditioned response is elicited by only the conditioned stimulus, not by stumbling similar to it
Give the John B Watson example of classical conditioning leading to stimulus generalization
John B Watson in case of little Albert, classically conditioned a fear response in an infant through pairing of a loud noise and a rat, the infant learned to fear rats and other objects that resembled rats
What is classical extinction?
Eliminating the undesirable learned response conditioned response by exposing the person repeatedly to the learned stimulus conditioned stimulus WITHOUT having the adverse affect occur
After each non-pairing trial, response should weaken
Give an example of classical extinction
A cancer patient experiences nausea when passing the clinic in which chemotherapy was administered
Repeatedly expose the person to the hospital without having the chemotherapy
What is operant conditioning?
Learning that results as a consequence of acting on the envision
Consequence if an action would determine if the response will occur again
Why is operant conditioning more active than classical conditioning?
Operant conditioning is more active than classical conditioning because it requires an overt action for learning to take place
In operant conditioning, if a behavior is strengthened, it is…
Reinforced
In operant behavior, if a behavior is weakened due to the then the action is…
Punished
There are 2 types of punishment and reinforcement
Positive and negative
Positive and negative do not refer to good or bad but whether something was given or taken away
What is positive reinforcement ?
Increasing a behavior by giving something pleasurable (e.g. giving food or money as a reward for an action)
What is negative reinforcement?
Increasing a behavior by removing something aversive(e.g. rewarding an action by taking away /waiving household chores)
What is positive punishment?
Decreasing behavior by applying something aversive( spanking)
What is negative punishment?
Decreasing a behavior by removing something pleasurable (e.g. revoking priveleges)
The following is an example of?
An 8 Yao girl uses profanity. Her parents responding by
- Spanking
- Sending her to time out( send her to a place it’s out pleasurable activities)
- Positive punishment
2. Negative punishment
What is spontaneous recovery?
In classical conditioning, following extinction and a delay of several hours/days, a 1/2 strength CR occurs when the CS is presented
Then faster extinction on subsequent trials followed by faster learning
