Theories Of Behavior Part 1

Question 1

Describe the biological(organic) perspective of the theories of behavior

Answer 1

Mental illness is due to a disruption in function, the nature of which is biochemical

Question 2

Describe the cognitive theory on theories of behavior

Answer 2

The cognitive perspective states the behavior is influenced by the way the person thinks

Emphasis is on mental processes (thoughts) that one is aware of, the fact thoughts affect emotion. (different emotions are produced based on how an event is interpreted)

Belief that maladaptive behavior results from distorted thoughts about ones self, the world and future

Question 3

Name the types of cognitive distortions

Answer 3

• Overgeneralization
• Excessive responsibility
• Arbitrary inference
• Catastrophizing(magnifying)
• Selective abstracting (filtering)
• dichotomous (polorized) thinking

Question 4

Describe overgeneralization-cognitive distortions

Answer 4

Making a negative global statement based on a single event

a woman thinks that all men are untrustworthy after one man cheats

Question 5

Describe excessive responsibility -cognitive distortions

Answer 5

Blaming oneself for negative events that the person does not have control over( e.g. blaming oneself for another person’s shortcomings)

Question 6

Describe arbitrary inference -cognitive distortions

Answer 6

Making a conclusion without sufficient and necessary evidence (e.g. concluding that a spouse is unfaithful because of arriving home late)

Question 7

Describe catastrophizing(magnifying) -cognitive distortions

Answer 7

Viewing a situation as considerably worse than it is- it’s an excessive REACTION to a thought

Question 8

Describe selective abstraction(filtering) -cognitive distortions

Answer 8

Focusing on a detail out of context while ignoring everything else in the context (e.g. dwelling on the one mistake you made during your presentation and ignoring the good parts)

Question 9

Describe dichotomous (polarized) thinking-cognitive distortions

Answer 9

Viewing people, actions and experiences in one of two of extreme categories(e.g. good-bad all-none

Question 10

Describe behavioral theory

Answer 10

Behaviors result from interacting with the environment, which causes learning

Question 11

What are the 3 main methods of learning and their founders?

Answer 11

• classical conditioning( I. Pavlov)
• operant conditioning( B.F. Skinner)
• Vicarious Conditioning( A. Bandura)

Question 12

Describe classical conditioning

Answer 12

Learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

This requires the 2 stimuli to be temporally Paired

Question 13

What is an unconditioned stimulus ?

Answer 13

In classical conditioning - the cue that elicits a natural(unlearned )response (before learning)

Question 14

What is an unconditioned response?

Answer 14

In classical conditions, the natural (unlearned) response to the Unconditioned stimulus (before learning)

Question 15

What is a neutral stimulus?

Answer 15

The stimulus that prior to conditioning did not produce a response (before learning)

Question 16

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 16

In classical conditioning, after learning, because of the pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus now has a response ( the Same response as the unconditioned stimulus)

Question 17

What is a conditioned response?

Answer 17

The learned responses to the conditioned stimulus

Question 18

How can stimulus generalization due to classical conditioning?

Answer 18

When a conditioned response is elicited by stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus, not just the actual conditioned stimulus

Question 19

How may stimulus discrimination occur due to classical conditioning?

Answer 19

When a conditioned response is elicited by only the conditioned stimulus, not by stumbling similar to it

Question 20

Give the John B Watson example of classical conditioning leading to stimulus generalization

Answer 20

John B Watson in case of little Albert, classically conditioned a fear response in an infant through pairing of a loud noise and a rat, the infant learned to fear rats and other objects that resembled rats

Question 21

What is classical extinction?

Answer 21

Eliminating the undesirable learned response conditioned response by exposing the person repeatedly to the learned stimulus conditioned stimulus WITHOUT having the adverse affect occur

After each non-pairing trial, response should weaken

Question 22

Give an example of classical extinction

Answer 22

A cancer patient experiences nausea when passing the clinic in which chemotherapy was administered

Repeatedly expose the person to the hospital without having the chemotherapy

Question 23

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 23

Learning that results as a consequence of acting on the envision

Consequence if an action would determine if the response will occur again

Question 24

Why is operant conditioning more active than classical conditioning?

Answer 24

Operant conditioning is more active than classical conditioning because it requires an overt action for learning to take place

Question 25

In operant conditioning, if a behavior is strengthened, it is…

Answer 25

Reinforced

Question 26

In operant behavior, if a behavior is weakened due to the then the action is…

Answer 26

Punished

Question 27

There are 2 types of punishment and reinforcement

Answer 27

Positive and negative

Positive and negative do not refer to good or bad but whether something was given or taken away

Question 28

What is positive reinforcement ?

Answer 28

Increasing a behavior by giving something pleasurable (e.g. giving food or money as a reward for an action)

Question 29

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 29

Increasing a behavior by removing something aversive(e.g. rewarding an action by taking away /waiving household chores)

Question 30

What is positive punishment?

Answer 30

Decreasing behavior by applying something aversive( spanking)

Question 31

What is negative punishment?

Answer 31

Decreasing a behavior by removing something pleasurable (e.g. revoking priveleges)

Question 32

The following is an example of?

An 8 Yao girl uses profanity. Her parents responding by

1. Spanking
2. Sending her to time out( send her to a place it’s out pleasurable activities)

Answer 32

1. Positive punishment

2. Negative punishment

Question 33

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 33

In classical conditioning, following extinction and a delay of several hours/days, a 1/2 strength CR occurs when the CS is presented

Then faster extinction on subsequent trials followed by faster learning