Theories in Exercise Psychology Part 2 Flashcards
Transtheoretical Model: stages of change
- Pre-contemplation: unaware of the problem
- Contemplation: aware of problem, desire to change behaviour
- Preparation: intends to take action
- Action: Practices the desired behaviour
- Maintenance: Works to sustain behaviour change
Evidence of people moving through stages of behaviour change
- Shift in decisional balance (pros vs cons)
- Increased self-efficacy
Limitations and disuse of the transtheoretical model
- Major limitation of the TTM is that its constructs cannot reliably predict which stage a person will move to and when
- The model fails to fully explain the mechanisms by which people change their exercise behaviour and move across the stages
- No longer used in exercise psychology research but still used by some physical activity counselors
Compare Social cognitive theories and social ecological models
SCT: focus on the individual - how individual thinks and feels about exercise will determine future exercise behaviour
SEM: The individual is only 1 piece of the puzzle
What are the 5 levels that impact behaviours in the social ecological model
- Individual: biological, psychological and skills
- Physical activity domains: areas of life where physical activities might take place
- Interpersonal-Level Factors: Interactions and relationships b/w groups and individuals
- Physical Environment: Features of the built and natural environment
- Policy: Rules, regulations, and practices that may impact physical activity through a variety of mechanisms
Correlates of PA
Factors that are reliably associated with PA behaviour, but do not cause changes in PA
- E.x. owning exercise equipment
Determinants of PA
Factors that are correlated with PA, but they also directly affect PA
- E.x. weather and outdoor activity
Benefits of the social Ecological Models
- A look at the big picture
- Gives us an understanding of the multiple levels of influence
- An environmental approach to behaviour change
Limitations of the social ecological model
Feasibility and cost of implementation
Examples of physical activity domains
- Recreation
- Transportation
- Occupation
- Household
Examples of interpersonal
- Social norms
- Social support
- Role models
Physical Environment
- Parks and trails (accessibility, safety)
- Home design (stairs, gardens)
- Neighborhoods (personal and traffic safety)
- Location of workplace/school (access to side walks)
- Community design (connected streets, mixed land uses)
- Sidewalks & bicycle paths
- Natural environment (weather, animals, topography)
Policy
- Tax treatment of private facilities
- Park budgets & design standards
- Sidewalk requirements & standards
- Zone codes for density and parking
- tax treatment of exercise equipment
- zoning and developing codes
- road design
- physical education policy
Study looking at the relationship between PA, motivation type and psychological needs in school children results
- Relationship between PA and intrinsic motivation is positive
- relationship between PA and extrinsic motivation or amotivation is negative
- Intrinsic motivation positively associated with supporting all 3 psychological needs
- Extrinsic and amotivation negatively associated with supporting all 3 psychological needs
- Teachers had strong influence on autonomy and competency
- Peers had a greater influence on relatedness
Effects of escalating financial incentive rewards on maintenance of weight loss
QUESTION: Will $ increase intrinsic motivation to self-weigh and help with weight loss/motivation
METHODS: People with obesity in weight watchers who previously lost >5 kg in the past 4-6 months
- Control received encouraging messaging on digital weight scales
- Incentive Group: give $3.98/wk if they weighed themselves 6x for 6 months and had chance to win a lottery price of $110 - money incentive increased each week and received messages
RESULTS
- Not a big difference in weight loss after 12 months
- Bigger decline in incentive group after incentive was gone
Factors that increase financial incentive effectiveness
- Immediate delivery of money
-longer money delivery - individualized and realistic goals
- target less active adults
- Smaller amount is more beneficial
Built environment
FUNCTIONAL FEATURES: Structural features that influence the extent to which a person can actually use the environment
SAFETY FEATURES: Characteristics that keep people safe from harm
ASETHETIC FEATURES: features that are interesting and pleasing
DESTINATION FEATURES: reflect the availability of places/destinations that people could walk or bike to in their neighborhoods, as well as proximity of gyms, playgrounds, courts and other places to be active
Green Spaces
Parks, forests and gardens
Blue Spaces
Rivers, Lakes, Oceans
Natural environment
- Blue and green spaces
- Improves mental well-being
- proximity increases likelihood of being active
