Exercise Epidemiology Flashcards
What were the main limits of human performance discovered during WWI
- Exposure (Cold/heat)
- Fatigue and exhaustion
- Nutrition
How did Psychology and physiology first get invetigated
- For work purposes by the harvard business school
- Occurred after many workplace deaths/ accidents
- Looked at effects of fatigue, lighting, and temperature on worker productivity
London transport workers study
- 1949 - 1952 compared rates of heart disease in bus drivers vs ticket takers in London
- Homogenous groups (same work environment, hours, pay but different levels of activity)
- Drivers had significantly higher incidence of heart disease compared to ticket takers
- ticket takers had more mild forms of heart disease
- findings confirmed in other occupations
Physical activity
Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that expands energy beyond resting levels
Metabolic Equivalents
1 MET = energy expended @ rest
- 1 MET = 3.5 mL O2/kg/min
Exercise
Leisure time physical activity that is planned, structured, and repeated over time
What are some benefits of physical activity
- Helps maintain a healthy body weight
- lowers blood pressure
- decrease the risk of heart disease
- lowers risk of type 2 diabetes
- reduced the risk of certain cancers
- increases muscle strength and function
- improves bone health and strength
- helps to promote positive mental health
- reduces the risk of dementia
What is all cause mortality
The death rate in the population over a period of time
What do meta analysis tell us about physical activity and mortality risk
Decreased risk meaning improved health
Physical activity guidelines and reasoning
150 minutes MVPA
- originally thought to have to occur in at least 10 minute bouts - doesn’t matter
- after that diminishing returns
How many people globally don’t meet PA guidelines
1 in 4 adults
How many deaths per year could be avoided by increasing PA to guidelines
up to 5 million
What is the percentage increased risk of death for those who are insufficiently active relative to those who are active
20-30%
What percentage of the world’s adolescent population is insufficiently PA
80%
What percentage of men world wide don’t meet the guidelines
25%
What percentage of women world wide don’t meet the guidelines
33%
How does income level relate to inactivity level
Levels of inactivity are twice as high in high-income countries compared to low-income countries
How can physical activity vary
- Mode
- Frequency
- Duration
- Intensity
What are the 3 main approaches to measure PA/exercise
- Subjective measures
- Objective measures
- Observations
Self-Report/Survey
- Log
- physical activity questionaries
- subjective measure
Examples of objective measures
- Heart rate monitor
- pedometer
- VO2 measurements
- GPS/ Fitness apps
- Accelerometer “gold standard”
