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Exercise psychology > Anxiety, Depression and Exercise > Flashcards

Anxiety, Depression and Exercise Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental Health

A

Successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity

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2
Q

Mental Illness

A

Collectively refers to all diagnosable mental disorders

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3
Q

Mental Health Problems

A

Signs/Symptoms of insufficient intensity or duration to meet the criteria/diagnosis for mental disorders
- are sufficient to warrant efforts in health promotion, prevention and treatment

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4
Q

Prevalence of mental illness

A

1 in 5 Canadians
By the time Canadians reach 40 years of age, 1 in 2 have or have had a mental illness

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5
Q

Who is effected by mental illness

A
  • 70% of mental health problems have their onset during childhood or adolescence
  • Young people aged 15 to 24 are more likely to experience mental illness and/or substance use disorders than any other age group
  • 1 in 3 Canadian university students report moderate-to-severe anxiety, stress or depression
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6
Q

Def: Anxiety

A

Pathological counterpart of normal fear, manifest by disturbances of mood, as well as of thinking, behaviour, and physiological activity

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7
Q

Anxiety can become clinical when it results in what

A
  • Behavioral and cognitive changes
  • Without a triggering event or threat
  • Disproportionate and unmanageable response
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8
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Panic Disorder and agoraphobia
  • Social anxiety disorder
  • Specific phobias
  • Generalized anxiety disorder
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder
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9
Q

Symptomatology of anxiety

A
  • Unpleasant feelings
  • Bodily Symptoms
  • Changes in cognitions
  • Change in behavior
  • Vigilance
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10
Q

Key components of GAD`

A
  • Occurring more days than not
  • Difficult to control
  • Not attributable
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11
Q

Treatments of Anxiety

A
  • Medications
  • Psychotherapy (CBT)
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12
Q

Limitations of traditional treatments for anxiety

A
  • Costly
  • Side effects
  • Time consuming
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13
Q

State Anxiety

A

A transient emotional state characterized by feelings of apprehension, doom, threat
- Heightened ANS activity

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14
Q

Trait Anxiety

A

A more general predisposition to respond with apprehension, worry, and nervousness across many situations
- Increased restlessness, difficulty making decisions, feelings of inadequancy

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15
Q

Psychological Measures of anxiety

A

Self-reports

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16
Q

Physiological measures of Anxiety

A
  • Muscle tension, via EMG
  • Blood pressure and HR
  • Skin responses
  • CNS
17
Q

Def: Mood disorders

A

Disorders that influence mood regulation beyond the usual variations between sadness and happiness/excitement

18
Q

Prevalence of Mood disorders

A

Approximately 1 in 10 Canadians will be diagnosed with MDD at some point in their life

19
Q

Common symptoms of depression

A
  • Feelings of sadness or guilt
  • Disturbances in appetite or sleep patterns
  • Lack of energy
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Loss of interest in all/most activities
  • Memory problems
  • Thoughts of suicide
  • Halluncinations
20
Q

Main Depressive disorders

A
  • Major depressive disorder (Depressive mood)
  • Bipolar Disorder (Mania and depression)
  • Dysthymia
  • Cyclothymia (Depression and mania - less intense)
21
Q

Criteria for Major Depressive Disorders

A
  • Depressed mood most of the day nearly every day
  • Diminished interest/pleasure in all or most activities
  • Excessive/inappropriate guilt
22
Q

Prevalence of MDD

A
  • Women affected 2x more often then men
  • Tremendous economic burden
23
Q

Economic burden of depression on society

A
  • At least 12 billion days of lost productivity per year, costing approximately 925 billion USD
  • Account for 14% of years of life lost due to disability
  • Rank 2nd only to cardiovascular disease in disease in industrialized nations
24
Q

Causes of MDD

A
  • Not well understood
  • Interaction of genetic, physiological and psychosocial factors
  • Responses to stressful events vary by individual
25
Q

Treatment of Depression

A
  • Often untreated
  • Pharmaceuticals and psychotherapy
  • PA/exercise might also be useful
26
Q

Limitations of depression treatment

A
  • Expensive
  • Lack of compliance
  • Time
  • Side effects
  • Doesn’t work for everyone
27
Q

Measuring Depression

A
  1. Standard diagnostic criteria
    - Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
  2. Self-reporting measure of symptoms
    - Beck depression Inventory
    - Zung self-rating depression scale
    - Center for epidemiologic studies - depression scale
    - others
28
Q

What is the prevalence of mental illness or addiction every year

A

1 in 5 Canadians

29
Q

What are the most common types of mental disorders

A

Mood and anxiety disorders

30
Q

Differences in depression prevalence across men and women

A

1.6x higher in women vs men
- 5.8% vs 3.6

31
Q

Can physical activity prevent anxiety and depression?

A
  • Greater self-reported physical activity is associated with better mental health and lower symptoms of anxiety and depression
  • Higher physical fitness correlated with lower anxiety and depression symptoms
32
Q

What are the overall impacts of physical activity on mental health

A
  • Buffers against anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders
  • Prevents against depression disorders and decreases risk of occurence
33
Q

What are the effects of sedentary behaviour on mental health study

A
  • Students asked to be sedentary for 7 days and then return to normal activities after
  • Anxiety symptoms measured with the overall anxiety severity and Impairment scale
  • Depression symptoms measured by patient health questionnaire-9
  • Significant Increase in depression and anxiety seen with sedentary behaviour
34
Q

Effects of Emotional Exposure on State anxiety after acute exercise

A
  • Regular active young adults
  • Exercise for 30 minutes cycling (RPE 13)
  • Control 30 min rest
  • Reported state anxiety before and 15-min after interventions
  • Viewed 90 arousing pleasant, unpleasant and neutral pictures from the international affective picture system for 30 minutes
    RESULTS
  • State anxiety scores decreased after exercise
  • Decreased after resting period too
  • anxiety scores increased after viewing pictures in rest
  • No change in anxiety pics in ex condition
35
Q

Examining a training effect on the state anxiety repose to an acute bout of exercise in low and high anxious individuals

A

Are benefits greater for those with higher levels of anxiety and are acute benefits augmented with exercise training?
- Sedentary university students
- 9 week exercise training (30 min mod cycling) or control
- State anxiety measured at before and 10 min after exercise at the end of each week
- Acute exercise lowered anxiety ONLY in the high anxiety group 0 - magnitude of decrease was larger with longer training
- No change in anxiety after acute exercise in the low anxiety group

36
Q

Possible mechanisms of acute exercise and anxiety

A
  1. Thee “Time-out” Hypothesis (break from everyday worries and work)
  2. Temperature Hypothesis (exercise increases body temperature and leads to a reduction in tension)
  3. Neurochemical hypothesis (Exercise increases opioids, endocannabinoids, serotonin, dopamine and BDNF)
  4. Alterations in brain activity during/after exercise (Stronger positive and negative emotional responses)
37
Q

Role of the amygdala

A
  • Amygdala is responsible for detecting features of the environment
  • Amygdala reactivity is response to threatening stimuli associated with anxiety
  • Hyper-reactive amygdala in anxiety disorders
  • Greater habitual PA leads to lower amygdala reactivity in response to fearful stimuli
  • Acute running exercise increased amygdala reactivity to happy images

Exercise psychology (9 decks)

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