Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

307 > Theories and Models > Flashcards

Theories and Models Flashcards

1
Q

4 Models and Approaches Relevant to Mental Health

A
  • Harm Reduction Model
  • Recovery-Based Model
  • Strength-Based Approach vs. Deficit-based
  • Trauma Informed Care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is harm reduction

A

Refers to policies, programs and practices that aim to reduce the harms associated with the use of psychoactive drugs in people unable or unwilling to stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the origins of harm reduction?

A

began to be discussed frequently after the threat of HIV spreading among and from injecting drug users was first recognized; early 1980s.

similar approaches have long been used in many other contexts for a wide range of drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Harm Reduction Principles and Examples

A

based on a strong commitment to public health and human rights.

examples: smoking patches, condoms, needle exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Traditional Model of Mental Health Care

A

Focuses on diagnosis, compliance, the eradication of symptoms and illnesses, and reducing risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Recovery Model of Mental Health Care

A

Focuses on the person’s lived experience, choices and self-management, on achieving hopes and dreams and on encouraging positive risk-taking.

Clinical relationship moves from one patient to one of collaborative shared decision-making,

  • Understanding that patients’ lived experiences make patients the experts in their own care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Recovery Approach does not mean:

A

Everyone needs to be hopeful or naively unrealistic about what is possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Strength Based Approach

A

Concentrate on the inherent strengths of individuals, families, groups and organisations, deploying personal strengths to aid recovery and empowerment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Deficit-based Approach

A

Focus is on the disorder, problems, signs and symptoms, high risk statistics

See Aboriginal populations as having barriers to good health as opposed to identifying strengths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Person Centred Approach

A

Focuses services on individuals’ strengths in terms of resources, abilities, skills, and capacities to maintain a positive perspective that encourages further positive developments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Trauma Informed Care Approach

A

Can help health care providers to tailor care and establish a safe environment of understanding for Aboriginal clients who are impacted by historical violence such as residential schooling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Four Assumptions of Trauma Informed Care

A

Realization: of the widespread impact of trauma on individuals, groups, families, and individuals

Recognize: the signs of trauma

Respond: by integrating knowledge about trauma on all areas of functioning (e.g., policies, procedures and practices)

Resist Re-traumatization: of clients and of staff and prevent triggering painful memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

1820-1910
Founder of Modern Nursing
Imporving Environmental Conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 Theorists of Interpersonal Relations

A
  1. Hildegard Peplau
  2. Ida Jean Orlando
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hildegard Peplau

A

Interpersonal Relations

Nurse/Patient Relationship

Concepts in model
- interpersonal relations
- self system
- need
- anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ida Jean Orlanda

A

Interpersonal Relations

Dynamic Nurse–Patient Relationship Model (1961)

Studied the factors that enhanced or impeded the integration of mental health principles in the basic nursing curriculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Existential/Humanistic Theoretic Perspectives

A

Joyce Travelbee

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Joyce Travelbee

A

Seeking Life Meaning

Provided an existential perspective on nursing

Believed that humans seek meaning in their life and experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

A

Human-becoming

Quality of life as perceived by a person and their family is focus of model

The individual is perceived as open and free to ascribe meaning to life and to bear responsibility for choices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Three Principles of Parse Human Becoming Model

A

Meaning: structuring meaning is the imaging and valuing of language

Rhythmicity: configuring rhythmical patterns of relation is the revealing-concealing and enabling-limiting and connecting-separating

Transcendence: co-transcending with possible is the powering and originating of transforming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Four Postulates of Parse Human Becoming Model

A

Illimitability: indivisible, unbounded knowing extending to infinity

Paradox: rhythm expressed as pattern preference

Freedom: contextually construed liberation

Mystery: the unexplainable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Caring Models

A

Patricia Benner

Jean Watson

Philip Parker’s Tidal Model

21
Q

Patricia Benner

A

Caring Model

Developed a particular notion of nursing as a caring relationship

Nursing practice is based upon “the lived experience of health and illness

Novice to expert model

22
Q

Philip Barker

A

Caring Model - Tidal Model

Emphasizes the centrality of the lived experience and is based on assumption that people are their life stories and generate meaning through such stories

Change (i.e., becoming different) is a core element in this model; hence the metaphor of the tide

23
Q

Systems Models

A

McGill Model of Nursing

Imogene N King

Betty Neuman

Dorothea Oren

Callista Roy

Martha Rogers

24
Q

McGill Model of Nursing

A

Systems Model

Strength-based perspective

Four major concepts: health, family/person, collaboration, learning

25
Q

Imogene M King

A

Systems Model

Goal Attainment

26
Q

Betty Neuman

A

Systems Model

Systems and Stress

Guide the actions of the professional caregiver through the assessment and intervention processed by focusing on two major components
> Relationship between nurse and patient
> Relationship between patient and patient response to stressors

27
Q

Dorothea Orem

A

Systems Theory

Self Care

28
Q

Callista Roy

A

Systems Theory

Adaptation

Describes humans as living adaptive systems with two coping mechanisms: the regulator and the cognator

29
Q

Martha Rogers

A

Systems Theory

Main Concept: energy fields as open systems

30
Q

Biologic Theories

A

Important in understanding the manifestations of mental disorders and caring for people with these illnesses.

Importance is growing, as knowledge of the brain grows.

31
Q

4 Psychodynamic Theories and Definition

A

Explain human development processes especially in early childhood, and their effects on thought and behaviour

  1. Psychoanalytic
  2. Jung
  3. Adler
  4. Horney
32
Q

Main Concepts of Psychoanalytic Theory

A
  • Study of the unconscious: awareness of events
  • Personality and its development: id (unconscious), ego (logic), and superego (moral)
  • Object relations and identification: the psychological attachment to persons/objects
  • Anxiety and defence mechanisms: a specific state of unpleasantness accompanied by motor discharge along definite pathways
  • Sexuality: libido; resides in the id
  • Psychoanalysis: therapeutic process of assessing the unconscious and with the mature adult mind resolving the conflicts that originated in childhood.
  • Transference and countertransference
33
Q

Adler

A

Neofreudian Model

Focused on social aspects of human existence

Motivating force in human life is striving for superiority

Avoiding inferiority complex

34
Q

Jung

A

Neofreudian Model

Humans were not only influenced not only by their past but also by their hopes and futures

Two psychological types
 Extrovert: finds meaning in the world
 Introvert: finds meaning within

35
Q

Horney

A

Neofreudian Model

Primary concept was that of basic anxiety

36
Q

Humanistic Theories

A
  1. Rogers
  2. Gestalt
  3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
37
Q

Roger’s

A

Humanistic

client-centred theory

Empathy; unconditional positive regard

38
Q

Gestalt

A

Humanistic

modern civilization inevitably produces neurotic anxiety because it forces people to repress natural desires

Exercises aimed to enhance a person’s awareness of emotions, physical state, and repressed needs as well as physical and psychological stimuli in the here-and-now environment

39
Q

Maslow

A

Humanistic

 Physiological and survival
 Safety and security
 Love and belonging
 Esteem
 Self-actualization

40
Q

Behavioural Theories

A

2 Types

  1. Early Stimulus-Response
    - Pavlov
    - Watson
  2. Reinforcement
    - Thorndike
    - Skinner
41
Q

Pavlov

A

Early Stimulus Response Behavioural Theory

unconditioned stimulus (not dependent on previous training) that elicits an unconditioned (i.e., specific) response

Classical conditioning: if the conditioned stimulus was repeatedly presented before the meat, eventually salivation was elicited by the conditioned stimulus

42
Q

Watson

A

Early Stimulus Response Behavioural Theory

 Frequency: the more often a given response is made to a given stimulus, the more likely the response to that stimulus will be repeated
 Recency: the more recently a given response to a particular stimulus is made, the more likely it will be repeated

43
Q

Thorndike

A

Reinforcement Behavioural Theory

o Tried to determine whether animals solved problems by reasoning or instinct
o Stamping-in: gradually learning correct response via stimulus-response connection
o Believed in the importance of the effects that followed the response or the reinforcement of the behaviour

44
Q

Skinner

A

Reinforcement Behavioural Theory

classical conditioning vs. operant conditioning

Respondent behaviour: end result of classical conditioning; elicited by specific stimulus
 Given the stimulus the response occurs automatically

Operant behaviour: distinctive characteristic is the consequence of a particular behavioural response not a specific stimulus
 Example: child learns to clean up his toys in his play area because he gets a reward, like a piece of candy, from his parents. The reward reinforces the child’s behavior and makes it more likely that he will clean up the toys in the future, thus, creating positive behavior.

45
Q

Cognitive Theories

A

Bandura

Aaron Beck

46
Q

Bandura

A

Social cognitive theory
o modelling: pervasive imitation
o self-efficacy: person’s sense of their ability to deal effectively with the environment which he develops in his work
o elicitation: no desire present, but when one person starts an activity, others want to do the same

47
Q

Aaron Beck

A

Cognitive Theory

Thinking and feeling
o Depressed people had faulty information-processing systems that led to biased cognitions causing errors in judgement that become habitual errors in thinking

48
Q

Developmental Theories

A
  1. erikson: psychosocial
  2. piaget: learning
  3. gilligan: gender differentiation
49
Q

Cultural Theories

A

Madeleine Leininger: Transcultural Health Care

Applicability of Sociocultural Theories to PMH Nursing
o Used concepts from anthropology and nursing (from such theorists as Henderson [1966], Rogers [1970], and Watson [1979]) to depict universal and diverse dimensions of human caring
o Directed toward holistic, congruent, and beneficent care.

50
Q

Spiritual Theories

A
  1. Frankl’s Logotherapy
  2. Yalom’s Existential
51
Q

Frankl

A

Spiritual Theory

Logotherapy
o Focused on helping a person find meaning in life
o based on the assumptions of freedom of will, will to meaning, and meaning of life

52
Q

Yalom

A

Spiritual Theory

Existential Psychotherapy
o Considers central life concerns as death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness

307 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions