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Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Neale - Genre Theory with example

A

Genre’s are based on the notion they constitute (themes or settings) horror = death, ghosts, bats etc…

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2
Q

Give the 5 stages of Todorov’s narrative theory

A

1) Equilibrium 2) A disruption 3) Realisation 4) Restored order 5) Equilibrium, normality

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3
Q

What does Buter say gender is today?

A

Fluid and flexible

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4
Q

How does Mulvey (male gaze) describe women in the media?

A

A passive gender (to be looked at) while males are active (doing the looking)

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5
Q

What does Scopophilia mean?

A

Looking from a heightened sexual perspective

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6
Q

How does Katz describe the new man? Name 3

A

Rejects sexist altitudes
In touch with their feminine side
Not afraid to be sensitive
More domestic roles

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7
Q

What quote does Wolf use to describe women’s bodies?

A

“project of constant self-improvement”

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8
Q

Radner says ____ action heroines have adopted many tough characteristics associated with ___ (fill gaps)

A

female and men

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9
Q

Zoonen says gender is constructed through _____ and the display of women’s bodies is a core element of ______ society (gill gaps)

A

discourse and western

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10
Q

What two elements does Zoonen say are used to make the male body seem spectacular to the female body?

A

Visual and narrative codes

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11
Q

What’s Cont’s theory? And give one meaning of it?

A

The Psychofemme stereotype and weapons are used to facilitate extreme violence and male gaze camera work is used to create the narrow western stereotype

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12
Q

Hypermasculinity is who’s theory?

A

Mosher and Sirkin

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13
Q

Give 3 ideas of the hypermasculinity theory

A

Violence us manly
Danger is exciting
A heartless sexual attitude towards women

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14
Q

Giroux youth theory, says youths are presented as a what?

A

‘empty category’ - as adults project their own views on what they believe the youth is.

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15
Q

Acland says that as a result of _____/______________ Young people need constant survillence and monitoring called? ________

A

Media representations and ideology of protection

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16
Q

What’s Gaunlett’s main identity theory?

A

Audiences can ‘pick and mix’ what they want to see

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17
Q

What do narratives frame according to Gauntlett?

A

Our experiences due to the mass amount of stuff in our lives.

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18
Q

Bell Hooks says that feminism is a ______ commitment rather than a _____ choice (fill gaps)

A

Political and lifestyle

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19
Q

What two factors does hooks say to determine the extent to which individuals are exploited

A

Race and class

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20
Q

What’re Hall’s 3 hypothetical positions?

A

Dominant position (encoders are understood)
Negotiated (encoders message is adapted)
Oppositional (decoder disagrees with the understood encoders message)

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21
Q

Media institutions _____ while audiences ______ (fill gaps)

A

encode and decode

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22
Q

Alvarado’s racial theory says what 4 perceptions do people have of ethnic minorities?

A

Exoctic (‘the other’)
Dangerous (threat)
Humorous (funny)
Pitied (deprived)

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23
Q

Gilroy says stereotyping a ____ us just as harmful as stereotyping a ______

A

race and gender

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24
Q

When analysing images we should look at…

A

what’s not there

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25
Q

Hyper-reality (Baudrillard) is…

A

stimulation of the world that is artificial (video games)

26
Q

Bandura says that people learn through…

A

observing others behavior, attitudes and outcomes.

27
Q

What’s the link between behavioral and environmental influences

A

Reciprocal interactions

28
Q

Shirky’s main theory is…

A

end of audience

29
Q

Due to digital technologies consumers can…

A

speak back to the media (vloggers)

30
Q

Strauss uses ______/___________ to understand media tests

A

binary oppositions

31
Q

Texts can be understood says Strauss by an examination of their what?

A

underlying structure

32
Q

Gerber says that cultivation…

A

reinforces mainstream views

33
Q

Exposure to repeated patterns overt time can do what to the audience?

A

shape and influence the way in which people perceive the world

34
Q

Blumer and Katz say the basic definition for the uses and gratifications theory is

A

audiences actively seeking media they want

35
Q

Name the PIES of uses and gratifications

A

P - personal identity
I - information and education
E- entertainment and diversion
S - social interaction

36
Q

Hall says that stereotyping people

A

reduces them down to a few simple characteristics

37
Q

Give the definition - things that allow us to make sense of media

A

maps of meaning

38
Q

The relationship between concepts and signs is governed by _____

A

codes

39
Q

What 3 codes does Barthes say are used to construct media, and what do they mean?

A

Action
Enigma
Semantic codes

40
Q

Signs function as a level of ________

A

denotion

41
Q

Hesmondhalgh main idea is that companies…

A

try to minimise risk and maximise audiences

42
Q

What 2 recent changes have made regulation a struggle? (Livingstone and Lunt)

A

rise of global media corporations and rise in convergent media technologies

43
Q

Dyer’s star theory argues that audiences are _________ by the star who’s featured

A

influenced

44
Q

The power and industries theory belongs to who?

A

Curren and Seaton

45
Q

More diverse patterns of ownership help to create what?

A

More varied and adventurous media productions

46
Q

Jenkins - What is media convergence?

A

The flow of content across multiple platforms and industries

47
Q

Jenkins says what convergence is less of a _____________ process and more about a _________ shift

A

technological and cultural

48
Q

Metz says genre’s go through what 4 stages; (ECPD)

A

Experimental
Classic
Parody
Deconstruction

49
Q

Mittell says industries use genre to sell products by offering?

A

Familiar codes and conventions

Cultural references to society

50
Q

How does Stanley Cohen define moral panic?

A

“a mass response to a group, a person or an attitude that becomes defined as a threat to society”

51
Q

Allen says any text requires _____/_____ for audiences to make sense of it (fill gaps)

A

cultural capital

52
Q

Name 4 of Propp’s character profiles in stories

A

Hero, Villian, Princess, Farther, Dispatcher (sends the hero off), Donor (supports the hero), Sidekick and false hero villain

53
Q

Marxist argues that the ‘mass communication supports the ruling class’, true of false?

A

True

54
Q

Jeff Howe’s crowd sourcing theory is a technological theory stating what?

A

when someone puts their intent out onto internet in the hope of receiving support/information from others

55
Q

Andrew Keen argues what about the internet?

A

its had a ‘disastrous’ impact on our lives

56
Q

Mendelson uses what colloquial quote to show how audiences can get attention online

A

“those who shout the loudest will be heard”

57
Q

Davind Nye presented the idea of cyber-dystopiain 2007, meaning what?

A

Technological advancements have made the world a worse place, individuals losing control becoming dependant on the internet

58
Q

Nye also says that technology is a form of _______/______ promising success but causing _____

A

false hope and pain

59
Q

Saussure created the concept of semiotics using which two key ideas?

A

The signifier - sign, word, colour or image

The signified - the concept or meaning associated that the sign refers

60
Q

Zoonen says men’s roles are typically what two things?

A

protagonist and provider

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