Theories Flashcards
Neale - Genre Theory with example
Genre’s are based on the notion they constitute (themes or settings) horror = death, ghosts, bats etc…
Give the 5 stages of Todorov’s narrative theory
1) Equilibrium 2) A disruption 3) Realisation 4) Restored order 5) Equilibrium, normality
What does Buter say gender is today?
Fluid and flexible
How does Mulvey (male gaze) describe women in the media?
A passive gender (to be looked at) while males are active (doing the looking)
What does Scopophilia mean?
Looking from a heightened sexual perspective
How does Katz describe the new man? Name 3
Rejects sexist altitudes
In touch with their feminine side
Not afraid to be sensitive
More domestic roles
What quote does Wolf use to describe women’s bodies?
“project of constant self-improvement”
Radner says ____ action heroines have adopted many tough characteristics associated with ___ (fill gaps)
female and men
Zoonen says gender is constructed through _____ and the display of women’s bodies is a core element of ______ society (gill gaps)
discourse and western
What two elements does Zoonen say are used to make the male body seem spectacular to the female body?
Visual and narrative codes
What’s Cont’s theory? And give one meaning of it?
The Psychofemme stereotype and weapons are used to facilitate extreme violence and male gaze camera work is used to create the narrow western stereotype
Hypermasculinity is who’s theory?
Mosher and Sirkin
Give 3 ideas of the hypermasculinity theory
Violence us manly
Danger is exciting
A heartless sexual attitude towards women
Giroux youth theory, says youths are presented as a what?
‘empty category’ - as adults project their own views on what they believe the youth is.
Acland says that as a result of _____/______________ Young people need constant survillence and monitoring called? ________
Media representations and ideology of protection
What’s Gaunlett’s main identity theory?
Audiences can ‘pick and mix’ what they want to see
What do narratives frame according to Gauntlett?
Our experiences due to the mass amount of stuff in our lives.
Bell Hooks says that feminism is a ______ commitment rather than a _____ choice (fill gaps)
Political and lifestyle
What two factors does hooks say to determine the extent to which individuals are exploited
Race and class
What’re Hall’s 3 hypothetical positions?
Dominant position (encoders are understood)
Negotiated (encoders message is adapted)
Oppositional (decoder disagrees with the understood encoders message)
Media institutions _____ while audiences ______ (fill gaps)
encode and decode
Alvarado’s racial theory says what 4 perceptions do people have of ethnic minorities?
Exoctic (‘the other’)
Dangerous (threat)
Humorous (funny)
Pitied (deprived)
Gilroy says stereotyping a ____ us just as harmful as stereotyping a ______
race and gender
When analysing images we should look at…
what’s not there
Hyper-reality (Baudrillard) is…
stimulation of the world that is artificial (video games)
Bandura says that people learn through…
observing others behavior, attitudes and outcomes.
What’s the link between behavioral and environmental influences
Reciprocal interactions
Shirky’s main theory is…
end of audience
Due to digital technologies consumers can…
speak back to the media (vloggers)
Strauss uses ______/___________ to understand media tests
binary oppositions
Texts can be understood says Strauss by an examination of their what?
underlying structure
Gerber says that cultivation…
reinforces mainstream views
Exposure to repeated patterns overt time can do what to the audience?
shape and influence the way in which people perceive the world
Blumer and Katz say the basic definition for the uses and gratifications theory is
audiences actively seeking media they want
Name the PIES of uses and gratifications
P - personal identity
I - information and education
E- entertainment and diversion
S - social interaction
Hall says that stereotyping people
reduces them down to a few simple characteristics
Give the definition - things that allow us to make sense of media
maps of meaning
The relationship between concepts and signs is governed by _____
codes
What 3 codes does Barthes say are used to construct media, and what do they mean?
Action
Enigma
Semantic codes
Signs function as a level of ________
denotion
Hesmondhalgh main idea is that companies…
try to minimise risk and maximise audiences
What 2 recent changes have made regulation a struggle? (Livingstone and Lunt)
rise of global media corporations and rise in convergent media technologies
Dyer’s star theory argues that audiences are _________ by the star who’s featured
influenced
The power and industries theory belongs to who?
Curren and Seaton
More diverse patterns of ownership help to create what?
More varied and adventurous media productions
Jenkins - What is media convergence?
The flow of content across multiple platforms and industries
Jenkins says what convergence is less of a _____________ process and more about a _________ shift
technological and cultural
Metz says genre’s go through what 4 stages; (ECPD)
Experimental
Classic
Parody
Deconstruction
Mittell says industries use genre to sell products by offering?
Familiar codes and conventions
Cultural references to society
How does Stanley Cohen define moral panic?
“a mass response to a group, a person or an attitude that becomes defined as a threat to society”
Allen says any text requires _____/_____ for audiences to make sense of it (fill gaps)
cultural capital
Name 4 of Propp’s character profiles in stories
Hero, Villian, Princess, Farther, Dispatcher (sends the hero off), Donor (supports the hero), Sidekick and false hero villain
Marxist argues that the ‘mass communication supports the ruling class’, true of false?
True
Jeff Howe’s crowd sourcing theory is a technological theory stating what?
when someone puts their intent out onto internet in the hope of receiving support/information from others
Andrew Keen argues what about the internet?
its had a ‘disastrous’ impact on our lives
Mendelson uses what colloquial quote to show how audiences can get attention online
“those who shout the loudest will be heard”
Davind Nye presented the idea of cyber-dystopiain 2007, meaning what?
Technological advancements have made the world a worse place, individuals losing control becoming dependant on the internet
Nye also says that technology is a form of _______/______ promising success but causing _____
false hope and pain
Saussure created the concept of semiotics using which two key ideas?
The signifier - sign, word, colour or image
The signified - the concept or meaning associated that the sign refers
Zoonen says men’s roles are typically what two things?
protagonist and provider
