Theoretical foundations Flashcards
What is a theory?
Supporting facts that are used to explain something we observe
Not law; can change over time
Why are theories important
They help us understand why we’re doing things
Why something happens
Dictate how we respond
Transactional theory is based on…
Interaction
Transactional theory
Participants in development change as a result of the interaction
Focuses on the interplay between people
Dyad
Smallest unit of social interaction
Is the transactional model linear or non linear? What does this mean?
Non linear
Prediction is based on multiple factors; development is based on multiple events
Transactional theory forms the basis for what type of intervention?
Family focused intervention
Family focused intervention
Focuses on how the impairments impact the dyad
Piaget developmental cognitive theory
Emphasized the relationship between the maturation of cognitive structures, movement, and environmental opportunities
Perception action theory
Human action is a function of environmental affordances
Environment offers different responses
Affordances
What the environment offers to the individual. Responses are shaped by them
Are human infants designed to take advantage of affordances?
Yes; species specific behaviors (speech, ie)
Ecological theory
Related to perception action theory
Looks across species at multiple levels of the environment
Macro + micro level
Bio ecological systems theory
Increasingly larger circles of influence and how they impact intervention
Layers of the bio ecological system model
Microsystem (daily interactions)
Mesosystem
Exosystem (extended family)
Macrosystem (culture)
Experience Expectant Neuronal Maturation
Development of species specific skills
Things we learn best when we’re expected to (primed)
Experience dependent neuronal maturation
Individual differences
Speech/language
Same type of information but differs in how it’s provided
How do cognitive and ecological theories influence intervention?
Consider natural environments
Access multiple affordances for independent mobility
Readiness/timing of therapy for optimal outcomes
Family centered care
Care should reflect needs and expectations of whole families to empower them and build family strengths to improve self efficacy
Equal partnership between parents and providers
Child is not the sole focus of the intervention**
Primary focus of transactional model
Interaction between child and caregiver cause development in both parties which builds a mutually beneficial relationship
Foundation of family centered care
Primary focus of developmental cognitive theory
Sensory motor experiences drive cognitive maturation in young children
Primary focus of perception action theory
The environment elicits action from the individual through an interaction between environmental affordances and unique characteristics of the individual
Primary focus of the ecological theory
Looks at ecosystem where a child lives from broad systemic level with added concepts about how expected experiences create specific skills where the uniqueness of those skills create individual differences
The language developed depends on exposure (experience dependent)
Right affordance at the right time (primed) leads to best outcome: timed interventions
Motor development theories
Body of knowledge specific to motor development as opposed to a more general view of development
What system does motor development currently utilize
Dynamical systems
Dynamical systems
Looks at the interaction of all systems. One primary system isn’t in charge of development, and most important system can change depending on the skill being learned
Previous view of motor development
Neuromaturational model
CNS maturation is the main driver of motor development. While CNS is important, all of the subsystems contribute to motor development
Intervention framework for dyanmical systems
- Find constraints in subsystem that limits motor behavior
- Create environment that supports the rate limiting component of the systems
- Include practice of meaningful + functional tasks
- Consider variety of movement patterns that may be appropriate (alternate ways to promote task)
- Consider optimizing use of sensitive periods of development
- High dose practice promotes learning
4 general considerations for motor development
- appearance of developmental skill may not always be how the skill is developed
- General pattern of development is highly variable
- All systems contribute but CNS is an important driving force
- Normal development has periods of equilibrium and disequilibrium (spiraling heirarchy). Periodic regressions, accelerations, and plateaus are expected
