Theoretical foundations

Question 1

What is a theory?

Answer 1

Supporting facts that are used to explain something we observe

Not law; can change over time

Question 2

Why are theories important

Answer 2

They help us understand why we’re doing things
Why something happens
Dictate how we respond

Question 3

Transactional theory is based on…

Answer 3

Interaction

Question 4

Transactional theory

Answer 4

Participants in development change as a result of the interaction

Focuses on the interplay between people

Question 5

Dyad

Answer 5

Smallest unit of social interaction

Question 6

Is the transactional model linear or non linear? What does this mean?

Answer 6

Non linear
Prediction is based on multiple factors; development is based on multiple events

Question 7

Transactional theory forms the basis for what type of intervention?

Answer 7

Family focused intervention

Question 8

Family focused intervention

Answer 8

Focuses on how the impairments impact the dyad

Question 9

Piaget developmental cognitive theory

Answer 9

Emphasized the relationship between the maturation of cognitive structures, movement, and environmental opportunities

Question 10

Perception action theory

Answer 10

Human action is a function of environmental affordances

Environment offers different responses

Question 11

Affordances

Answer 11

What the environment offers to the individual. Responses are shaped by them

Question 12

Are human infants designed to take advantage of affordances?

Answer 12

Yes; species specific behaviors (speech, ie)

Question 13

Ecological theory

Answer 13

Related to perception action theory
Looks across species at multiple levels of the environment

Macro + micro level

Question 14

Bio ecological systems theory

Answer 14

Increasingly larger circles of influence and how they impact intervention

Question 15

Layers of the bio ecological system model

Answer 15

Microsystem (daily interactions)
Mesosystem
Exosystem (extended family)
Macrosystem (culture)

Question 16

Experience Expectant Neuronal Maturation

Answer 16

Development of species specific skills

Things we learn best when we’re expected to (primed)

Question 17

Experience dependent neuronal maturation

Answer 17

Individual differences
Speech/language
Same type of information but differs in how it’s provided

Question 18

How do cognitive and ecological theories influence intervention?

Answer 18

Consider natural environments
Access multiple affordances for independent mobility
Readiness/timing of therapy for optimal outcomes

Question 19

Family centered care

Answer 19

Care should reflect needs and expectations of whole families to empower them and build family strengths to improve self efficacy

Equal partnership between parents and providers

Child is not the sole focus of the intervention**

Question 20

Primary focus of transactional model

Answer 20

Interaction between child and caregiver cause development in both parties which builds a mutually beneficial relationship

Foundation of family centered care

Question 21

Primary focus of developmental cognitive theory

Answer 21

Sensory motor experiences drive cognitive maturation in young children

Question 22

Primary focus of perception action theory

Answer 22

The environment elicits action from the individual through an interaction between environmental affordances and unique characteristics of the individual

Question 23

Primary focus of the ecological theory

Answer 23

Looks at ecosystem where a child lives from broad systemic level with added concepts about how expected experiences create specific skills where the uniqueness of those skills create individual differences

The language developed depends on exposure (experience dependent)

Right affordance at the right time (primed) leads to best outcome: timed interventions

Question 24

Motor development theories

Answer 24

Body of knowledge specific to motor development as opposed to a more general view of development

Question 25

What system does motor development currently utilize

Answer 25

Dynamical systems

Question 26

Dynamical systems

Answer 26

Looks at the interaction of all systems. One primary system isn’t in charge of development, and most important system can change depending on the skill being learned

Question 27

Previous view of motor development

Answer 27

Neuromaturational model

CNS maturation is the main driver of motor development. While CNS is important, all of the subsystems contribute to motor development

Question 28

Intervention framework for dyanmical systems

Answer 28

1. Find constraints in subsystem that limits motor behavior
2. Create environment that supports the rate limiting component of the systems
3. Include practice of meaningful + functional tasks
4. Consider variety of movement patterns that may be appropriate (alternate ways to promote task)
5. Consider optimizing use of sensitive periods of development
6. High dose practice promotes learning

Question 29

4 general considerations for motor development

Answer 29

1. appearance of developmental skill may not always be how the skill is developed
2. General pattern of development is highly variable
3. All systems contribute but CNS is an important driving force
4. Normal development has periods of equilibrium and disequilibrium (spiraling heirarchy). Periodic regressions, accelerations, and plateaus are expected