Development of functional movement Flashcards
Why is it important to understand motor development?
- directly tied to cognition, language, and social skill development
-Assessment of motor skills provides info towards identifying out of norm behaviors (developmental delays, neurodevelopmental disorders) and intervention planning + monitoring
-understanding motor development improves task analysis and treatment across the lifespan
Role of cultural background in development
-Norms are based on averages of infants born in European culture which can lead to inaccuracies
-Cultural background must be considered
Impact of cross cultural research
Challenged assumptions that motor development follows fixed, predictable sequence
Gross motor development variations have been found based on cultural influences
T/f practicing skills (or not) accelerates/decelerates rate of development
True
Developmental ages
Infant
Early childhood
Middle childhood
Adolescent
Infant age
prenatal - 1 year
Early childhood age
1-4
Middle childhood
5-10
Adolescent
11-21
What comes first (apparently): total response or localized response
Total
What comes first (apparently): distal or proximal control
Proximal
What comes first (apparently): caudal or cephalic control
Cephalic
What comes first (apparently): medial or lateral control
Medial
What comes first (apparently): gross motor or fine motor
Gross motor
What comes first (apparently): flexor muscle tone or extensor muscle tone
Flexor
What comes first (apparently): flexor antigravity or extensor antigravity
Extensor antigravity
What comes first (apparently): Weight bearing on flexed extremities or extended extremities
Flexed extremities
4 phases of motor development
0-3 months
4-6 months
7-9 months
10-12 months
Major goal of 0-3 month stage
Head control in all planes
Major goal of 4-6 month stage
Control of arms + trunk
Major goal of 7-9 month stage
Control of lower trunk + pelvis
Major goal of 10-12 month stage
Mobility, control of legs, overall postural control
Characteristic of newborn
Physiologic flexion (flexion resulting from being in utero that provides a degree of stability + control)
Newborn movement
Random movements + reflexes
Role of newborn reflexes
Support movement w/o control of voluntary movement
Protective
Prone movements in newborn
Ability to lift the head and rotate side to side
Hand position of newborn
Hands fisted
Reflexive grasp
Visual and oral development in newborn
Visual regard of environment
Random disorganized eye movements
Oral: sucking
Characteristic of one month
Transition
More active extension: stretch, kick, and turning of head)
What limits active extension in the one month old?
Limited flexor control and remaining physiologic flexion
Head movements in one month old
Head lag in pull to sit
Hold head upright momentarily in supported sit
Prone movement in one month old
Turn and lift head more easily
Hand positioning in one month old
Grasp reflex
Visual + oral development in one month old
Visual: tracks from periphery to midline
Oral motor: hand to face
Why does the one month old have more extension?
Gravity + stretching
Why may lifting the head be difficult in a one month old?
Remaining flexion at the hips
Elbows behind the shoulders
Characteristic of two month old
Disorganized; motor disaster
Physiologic flexion diminishes; hypotonic
Why does the two month old appear to be hypotonic?
Lack of control; imbalance between flexors and extensors
Supine movements of two month old
more extended and asymmetrical (ATNR)
Reciprocal kicking
Prone movements of two month old
Lifts head 45 deg
Astasia-Abasia
Characteristic of 2 month old
LE appear disorganized, diminished standing and stepping (baby is bigger; doesn’t have the strength anymore)
UE development of 2 month old
Random movement in wider ranges
Asymmetrical swiping
Briefly retains objects with involuntary release
Vision + oral motor in two month old
Vision: visually fixates on hand in ATNR. Tracks vertically
Oral motor: voiced nasal sounds on exhalation (cooing)
Why is there more extension of the head in two month olds?
Hips are flatter (less flexion)
Elbows in line with shoulders
Characteristic of tree month old
Beginning of symmetry; better balance between flexors + extensors
Common positions in three month old
Chin tuck + hold head midline
Hand to hand grasp on chest
Prop on forearms
UE assist to hold head up in supported sitting
Able to hold head up in supported sitting
What does midline indicate
Stability
UE development in three month old
Hands to mouth
May swipe at toys
Sustained voluntary grasp with involuntary release
Vision + oral motor in three month old
Vision: visually attends to objects, eyes and head move together
Oral: uses mouth to explore toys/objects
Why is prone on elbows so beneficial?
Flexor + extensor activity
Strengthens scapular muscles for further development
Characteristic of four month old
Symmetry
Supine movement in four month old
Hands to knees
Bridging
Prone movement in 4 month old
Prop on forearms with extension of trunk
-Attempt to reach for toys: lateral weight shift with collapse and accidental roll to supine
-Landau begins
Landau
Extension of head and neck lifting arms and legs off surface
Sitting and standing in 4 month old
Sit upright supported at low trunk
Graded bouncing in supported standing
UE development in 4 month old
Hold arm in space to make contact with toy; hand open to reach for toy
Vision + oral motor of 4 month old
Vision: visually directed reach + grasp
Eyes begin to move independent of head
Oral motor: babbling
Movement in what plane is necessary for weight shift?
frontal
Key characteristics of 0-3 month motor development
- physiological flexion –> active extension
- Clear airway in prone –> prop on elbows
- Head bobbing –> head control
- Discoordinated eye movements –> tracking horizontally + vertically
- Reflexive grasp –> voluntary grasp
- Crying –> cooing
Key characteristic of 7-9 month old
Becomes mobile + begins to explore environment
Less predictable
Should a baby be spending a lot of time in supine at 7-9 months
No; supine becomes boring (skills have already been developed; nothing else to do)
May be cause for concern if baby is spending a lot of time in supine
Prone skills 7-9 months
Pivot
Assumes quadruped
Creeps on hands + knees
Sitting skills 7-9 months
Transitions in + out of sitting
pulls to stand
Pull to stand through 1/2 kneel by 9 months
Standing skills 7-9 months
Cruise along furniture
Walks with two hands held
UE skills 7-9 months
bilateral play
radial digital grasp
point + pinch
Feeding skills 7-9 months
Independent bottle feed
Finger feed
Oral motor skills 7-9 months
Long chain babbling
b/m/d/n
Crawling vs creeping
Crawling: stomach
Creeping: hands + knees
Quadruped positioning requires control in which plane?
Frontal
Reciprocal creeping at faster speeds require control in what plane?
Transverse
Furniture cruising is movement in what plane?
Frontal
What is plantigrade position and what age range does it normally occur
Bear crawling/downward dog
10-12 months
Sitting during 10-12 months
VARIOUS sitting positions
Standing during 10-12 months
position of choice
able to move from stand to sit
stand to + from squat
Walking during 10-12 months
Climbs on furniture (precursor for walking)
Stepping with 2 hands held
Walk w one hand held
UE during 10-12 months
Inferior pincer grasp
Removes socks
Imitates adult use of tools (i.e comb)
Feeding + speech during 10-12 months
Cup drinking
Self spoon fed
First real words
Avg age for independent steps
1 year
After 18 months: can become concern
Characteristics of first independent steps
High guard arms
Wide BOS
Low Center of gravity
No heel strike
Trouble stopping
Quick cadence
High guard arms
Field goal arms
Universal sign of instability
Why is there minimal heel strike in independent gait?
It requires too much distal dissociation
