Theme Society- Social Structure

Question 1

social structure under the tsars

Answer 1

For most of the period up to 1917, Russian society remained largely the same. Society was characterised by unequal social hierarchies. The 1897 census (the first of its kind) gives an insight into this society:

The nobility made up about 2% of the population. They inherited their wealth and titles. They owned land. They often worked as bureaucrats to the state.

The middle classes made up a small group, no more than 10%. They were not wealthy like those in the West (because of the lack of businesses/industries). Instead they were made up of Christian priests, teachers, doctors, and small shop owners.

The lower classes, predominantly peasants, made up around 80% of the population. These included peasants in the countryside and the growing number of workers living in towns and cities. Their conditions were poor.

Question 2

communist theory on social structure

Answer 2

> Communism = shift towards a classless society.

Initially, there was a considerable amount of change. Sheila Fitzpatrick argues that Russia underwent two great ‘declassing events’. These were events where formerly wealthy people had their wealth/status/privileges removed.

Question 3

following the October revolution 1917 decree on the abolition of estates and civil ranks

Answer 3

ended all titles (leading the term ‘Comrade’ to replace it as the normal means of greeting an equal)

Question 4

following the 1917-21 oct revolution came the Kommunalka policy

Answer 4

involved the forced take over of the old elites houses.

Question 5

following the 1917-21 oct revolution came the decree on land

Answer 5

nationalised all land in Russia.