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History- Russia > Theme- Empire And Nationalities > Flashcards

Theme- Empire And Nationalities Flashcards

1
Q

how do imperial borders change over time

A

-expansion, seeking resources, jobs, money

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2
Q

Alexander II expansion
treaty of peking, 1860

A

expansion under alexander II, into eastern Asia, outer Manchuria
a total of 400,000 square kilometres under russia control.

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3
Q

Alexander II expansion
expansion into central Asia, 1860-90s

A

through a series of armed campaigns.
silk road, wealthy trading cities, with China and Europe
worried the British because of possible expansion into Afghanistan and then to India which would cut off britain

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4
Q

1897 census
nationalities

A

demonstrating enormous linguistic and religious diversity
Russian- 44%
ukranians-17%
poles-6%
jews-4%
tatars-3%

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5
Q

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, Russians

A
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6
Q

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, Ukrainians

A
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7
Q

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, polish

A
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8
Q

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, finish

A
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9
Q

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, Georgians

A
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10
Q

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, tartars

A
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11
Q

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, jews

A
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12
Q

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, volga germans

A
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13
Q

what problems did diversity pose for the russian empire/ tsars

A
  • Russia wouldn’t work as a democracy
    -religious tensions
    -national interests conflict with imperial interest (Russian)
    -conflicts with the three pillars of tsarism, russification
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14
Q

how do the soviet borders change over time.
treaty of brest-litovsk 1918

A

Lenin uses this to gain support for his aims.
marks the end of the Russian empire in a meaningful sense
Baltic states are now free, Poland now free
Russia lost 74% of its iron and coal reserve,
62 million people lost, 1/3 of Russia’s farm land and 1/3 of Russia’s rail

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15
Q

communist expansion during civil war, 1918-21

A

uses red army to regain control of Ukraine, Belarus, Caucasus, central Asia,
expansion isn’t successful in gaining all the land lost
(lost Finland, Poland and Baltic states)

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16
Q

communist expansion pre world war two

A

Molotov Ribbentrop pact, Germany and Russia agreed to split eastern Europe. both know war is coming, in both interest to join forces

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17
Q

communist expansion post world war two.

A

creation of a series of satellite states in Poland, east Germany, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. 6million new people under indirect soviet influence

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18
Q

tsar repression of minorities; alexander II

A

where there was a revolt, it was crushed (Poland 1863)- Poland/Lithuanian divided with 10 military governors
if there was a nationalist movement it was investigated
the zemstva was not introduced in minority areas, concerns about giving these groups a voice

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19
Q

tsar repression of minorities; alexander III

A

sought to preserve control and reacted repressively, clamping down on their rights
temporary rules- may 1881, following the assassination of alexander II, many Russians, targeted destruction of Jewish property violent assaults on Jewish people

20
Q

tsar repression of minorities Nicholas II

A

February manifesto,1889- took powers away from the finnish diet
1905 revolution- protests in Georgia crushed by 10,000 occupying groups. looz insurrection, 800 poles killed

21
Q

provisional government repression of minorities

A

july, provisional government built up troops on the border, forcing the finns to back down and reincorporated them back into the empire

22
Q

communist repression of minorities; lenin

A

civil war, used red army to regain control of the nations of Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia- an attempt to push the revolution west and into Baltic states

23
Q

communist repression of minorities; Stalin

A

katyn massacre- repression of political elites- 20,000 polish officers in 1940.
ethnic cleansing- forced the removal of various ethnic groups into eastern Europe to Asia
monotrov- reventrov pact moving soviets expanding into the eastern half of Poland in 1939

24
Q

communist repression of minorities; Khrushchev

A

sent tanks into Hungary, 1956 to deal with the uprisings, killing many

25
Q

tsarist repression, motives

A

preserving
three pillars of tsarism- russia becoming a great power

26
Q

communist repression motives

A

spreading communism and keeping communism in its place

27
Q

changes in repression 1855-1964

A

higher level of repression during the communist period
provisional government

28
Q

imperial Russian interests conflicted with minorities
tsarist

A

russification: making everyone Russian
starts in Poland after 1863 revolt
russification peaked everywhere in alexander III and Nicholas II reign
to strengthen the empire

29
Q

communists culture
lenins decree

A

‘declaration of the rights of the people of russia’
national rights
national languages
equal rights

30
Q

communists - culture overview
positive

A

communist ideology; internationalism > nationalism
ssr’s given significant culture rights

31
Q

communists- culture overview
negative

A

sovietisation- collective soviet values (five year plans, atheist, collectivisation, socialist values )

32
Q

tsars treatment of the ‘culture’ of the minorities
alexander II

A

response to the polish revolt (1863) clamped down polish identity, russian became official language, catholic churches were closed down.
targeted the Ukrainian language 1876 banned the use of the Ukrainian in print
only repressed culture when necessary

32
Q

tsars treatment of the ‘culture’ of the minorities
alexander III

A

polish language banned in all institutions
polish national bank was closed in 1885
bureaucracy was purged of polish officials and replaced by russians
banned all non orthodox churches
temporary rules- cooping up jews in small areas, jews couldn’t occupy more than 5% of armies medical personnel,jewish people banned from education

33
Q

tsars treatment of the ‘culture’ of minorities
Nicholas II

A

February manifesto- 1899 took powers away from finnish diet
language manifesto- 1900 made Russian the administrative language
viewed that many revolutionary activities came from a jewish backround

34
Q

communists treatment of ‘culture’ of minorities
Lenin

A

declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia
called Russia ‘prison of nations
1924 constitution created the union of soviet republics

35
Q

communists treatment of ‘culture’ of minorities
Stalin

A

attempt to create a ‘single soviet identity’
Russia was made compolsury in schools

36
Q

continuity of culture treatment of minorities

A

*almost all leaders adopt a form of russification/ sovietisation
*minority religions continuity repressed. tsars-3 pillars communists-atheist
* anti semitic. tsars-jews couldn’t occupy certain jobs, shipped to pails commonists- ethnic clensing

37
Q

communist treatment of ‘culture’ of minorities
Khrushchev

A

continuity of Stalinist policies

38
Q

changes of culture treatment of minorities

A
  • lenin gives more cultural freedoms than any leader
  • alexander II used reactive = scale of russiafication is limited compared to alexander III and nicholus II
  • tsars= russian nationalitys. USSR= more tolerant recognise the minorities
  • russiafication vs sovietisation ideologically stemming from different oragins
39
Q

political/ constitutional rights

tsars

A
  • tsars=unitary system which is autocratic (led by one person, centralised) minorities are not recognised and have little power
40
Q

political/ constitutional rights

prov gov

A

delaying
aim- retain the empire until constituent assembly

41
Q

political/ constitutional rights

comminists

A
  • federal system
  • SSR’s, satalite states = lots of autonomy
  • in practice… more limited

in theory looks like what the tsars was doing

42
Q

tsars treatment of the minorities political/ constitutional rights. Alexander II

A
  • the zemstva was not introduced in minority areas because of concern about giving these groups a voice
  • responce to the polish revolt and dividing lithinuea into 10
43
Q

tsars treatment of the minorities political/constitutional rights. Alexander III

A
  • the bureaucracy was purged of polish officials and replaced by russians
  • temporary rules against jewish peoples personal rights
  • denied the right to vote in the zemstva
44
Q

tsars treatment of the minorities political/constitutional rights. nicholus II

A
  • 1910 law of all empire legislation procedures removed most finnish legaslative powers from the newly established finnish parliment to the russian duma and state council
45
Q

provisional governments treatment of the minorities political/ constitutionsal rights

A
  • ukraines aim of greater autonomy with the empire, a demand they made to the provisional gov. in response to this crisis the provisional gov was forced to compromise and give in to the rada autonomy to prevent their seperation
46
Q

lenins treatment of the minorities political/ constitutional rights

A
  • decloration of civil rights to the people of russia
  • 1924 constitution, right to withdraw from the empire
  • creation of SSR’s

History- Russia (14 decks)

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