Theme- Empire And Nationalities

Question 1

how do imperial borders change over time

Answer 1

-expansion, seeking resources, jobs, money

Question 2

Alexander II expansion
treaty of peking, 1860

Answer 2

expansion under alexander II, into eastern Asia, outer Manchuria
a total of 400,000 square kilometres under russia control.

Question 3

Alexander II expansion
expansion into central Asia, 1860-90s

Answer 3

through a series of armed campaigns.
silk road, wealthy trading cities, with China and Europe
worried the British because of possible expansion into Afghanistan and then to India which would cut off britain

Question 4

1897 census
nationalities

Answer 4

demonstrating enormous linguistic and religious diversity
Russian- 44%
ukranians-17%
poles-6%
jews-4%
tatars-3%

Question 5

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, Russians

Question 6

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, Ukrainians

Question 7

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, polish

Question 8

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, finish

Question 9

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, Georgians

Question 10

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, tartars

Question 11

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, jews

Question 12

ethnic differences within the Russian empire, volga germans

Question 13

what problems did diversity pose for the russian empire/ tsars

Answer 13

• Russia wouldn’t work as a democracy
  -religious tensions
  -national interests conflict with imperial interest (Russian)
  -conflicts with the three pillars of tsarism, russification

Question 14

how do the soviet borders change over time.
treaty of brest-litovsk 1918

Answer 14

Lenin uses this to gain support for his aims.
marks the end of the Russian empire in a meaningful sense
Baltic states are now free, Poland now free
Russia lost 74% of its iron and coal reserve,
62 million people lost, 1/3 of Russia’s farm land and 1/3 of Russia’s rail

Question 15

communist expansion during civil war, 1918-21

Answer 15

uses red army to regain control of Ukraine, Belarus, Caucasus, central Asia,
expansion isn’t successful in gaining all the land lost
(lost Finland, Poland and Baltic states)

Question 16

communist expansion pre world war two

Answer 16

Molotov Ribbentrop pact, Germany and Russia agreed to split eastern Europe. both know war is coming, in both interest to join forces

Question 17

communist expansion post world war two.

Answer 17

creation of a series of satellite states in Poland, east Germany, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. 6million new people under indirect soviet influence

Question 18

tsar repression of minorities; alexander II

Answer 18

where there was a revolt, it was crushed (Poland 1863)- Poland/Lithuanian divided with 10 military governors
if there was a nationalist movement it was investigated
the zemstva was not introduced in minority areas, concerns about giving these groups a voice

Question 19

tsar repression of minorities; alexander III

Answer 19

sought to preserve control and reacted repressively, clamping down on their rights
temporary rules- may 1881, following the assassination of alexander II, many Russians, targeted destruction of Jewish property violent assaults on Jewish people

Question 20

tsar repression of minorities Nicholas II

Answer 20

February manifesto,1889- took powers away from the finnish diet
1905 revolution- protests in Georgia crushed by 10,000 occupying groups. looz insurrection, 800 poles killed

Question 21

provisional government repression of minorities

Answer 21

july, provisional government built up troops on the border, forcing the finns to back down and reincorporated them back into the empire

Question 22

communist repression of minorities; lenin

Answer 22

civil war, used red army to regain control of the nations of Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia- an attempt to push the revolution west and into Baltic states

Question 23

communist repression of minorities; Stalin

Answer 23

katyn massacre- repression of political elites- 20,000 polish officers in 1940.
ethnic cleansing- forced the removal of various ethnic groups into eastern Europe to Asia
monotrov- reventrov pact moving soviets expanding into the eastern half of Poland in 1939

Question 24

communist repression of minorities; Khrushchev

Answer 24

sent tanks into Hungary, 1956 to deal with the uprisings, killing many

Question 25

tsarist repression, motives

Answer 25

preserving three pillars of tsarism- russia becoming a great power

Question 26

communist repression motives

Answer 26

spreading communism and keeping communism in its place

Question 27

changes in repression 1855-1964

Answer 27

higher level of repression during the communist period provisional government

Question 28

imperial Russian interests conflicted with minorities tsarist

Answer 28

russification: making everyone Russian starts in Poland after 1863 revolt russification peaked everywhere in alexander III and Nicholas II reign to strengthen the empire

Question 29

communists culture lenins decree

Answer 29

'declaration of the rights of the people of russia' national rights national languages equal rights

Question 30

communists - culture overview positive

Answer 30

communist ideology; internationalism > nationalism ssr's given significant culture rights

Question 31

communists- culture overview negative

Answer 31

sovietisation- collective soviet values (five year plans, atheist, collectivisation, socialist values )

Question 32

tsars treatment of the 'culture' of the minorities alexander II

Answer 32

response to the polish revolt (1863) clamped down polish identity, russian became official language, catholic churches were closed down. targeted the Ukrainian language 1876 banned the use of the Ukrainian in print only repressed culture when necessary

Question 32

tsars treatment of the 'culture' of the minorities alexander III

Answer 32

polish language banned in all institutions polish national bank was closed in 1885 bureaucracy was purged of polish officials and replaced by russians banned all non orthodox churches temporary rules- cooping up jews in small areas, jews couldn't occupy more than 5% of armies medical personnel,jewish people banned from education

Question 33

tsars treatment of the 'culture' of minorities Nicholas II

Answer 33

February manifesto- 1899 took powers away from finnish diet language manifesto- 1900 made Russian the administrative language viewed that many revolutionary activities came from a jewish backround

Question 34

communists treatment of 'culture' of minorities Lenin

Answer 34

declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia called Russia 'prison of nations 1924 constitution created the union of soviet republics

Question 35

communists treatment of 'culture' of minorities Stalin

Answer 35

attempt to create a 'single soviet identity' Russia was made compolsury in schools

Question 36

continuity of culture treatment of minorities

Answer 36

*almost all leaders adopt a form of russification/ sovietisation *minority religions continuity repressed. tsars-3 pillars communists-atheist * anti semitic. tsars-jews couldn't occupy certain jobs, shipped to pails commonists- ethnic clensing

Question 37

communist treatment of 'culture' of minorities Khrushchev

Answer 37

continuity of Stalinist policies

Question 38

changes of culture treatment of minorities

Answer 38

* lenin gives more cultural freedoms than any leader * alexander II used reactive = scale of russiafication is limited compared to alexander III and nicholus II * tsars= russian nationalitys. USSR= more tolerant recognise the minorities * russiafication vs sovietisation ideologically stemming from different oragins

Question 39

political/ constitutional rights | tsars

Answer 39

* tsars=unitary system which is autocratic (led by one person, centralised) minorities are not recognised and have little power

Question 40

political/ constitutional rights | prov gov

Answer 40

delaying aim- retain the empire until constituent assembly

Question 41

political/ constitutional rights | comminists

Answer 41

* federal system * SSR's, satalite states = lots of autonomy * in practice... more limited | in theory looks like what the tsars was doing

Question 42

tsars treatment of the minorities political/ constitutional rights. Alexander II

Answer 42

* the zemstva was not introduced in minority areas because of concern about giving these groups a voice * responce to the polish revolt and dividing lithinuea into 10

Question 43

tsars treatment of the minorities political/constitutional rights. Alexander III

Answer 43

* the bureaucracy was purged of polish officials and replaced by russians * temporary rules against jewish peoples personal rights * denied the right to vote in the zemstva

Question 44

tsars treatment of the minorities political/constitutional rights. nicholus II

Answer 44

* 1910 law of all empire legislation procedures removed most finnish legaslative powers from the newly established finnish parliment to the russian duma and state council

Question 45

provisional governments treatment of the minorities political/ constitutionsal rights

Answer 45

* ukraines aim of greater autonomy with the empire, a demand they made to the provisional gov. in response to this crisis the provisional gov was forced to compromise and give in to the rada autonomy to prevent their seperation

Question 46

lenins treatment of the minorities political/ constitutional rights

Answer 46

* decloration of civil rights to the people of russia * 1924 constitution, right to withdraw from the empire * creation of SSR's