Theme- Empire And Nationalities Flashcards
how do imperial borders change over time
-expansion, seeking resources, jobs, money
Alexander II expansion
treaty of peking, 1860
expansion under alexander II, into eastern Asia, outer Manchuria
a total of 400,000 square kilometres under russia control.
Alexander II expansion
expansion into central Asia, 1860-90s
through a series of armed campaigns.
silk road, wealthy trading cities, with China and Europe
worried the British because of possible expansion into Afghanistan and then to India which would cut off britain
1897 census
nationalities
demonstrating enormous linguistic and religious diversity
Russian- 44%
ukranians-17%
poles-6%
jews-4%
tatars-3%
ethnic differences within the Russian empire, Russians
ethnic differences within the Russian empire, Ukrainians
ethnic differences within the Russian empire, polish
ethnic differences within the Russian empire, finish
ethnic differences within the Russian empire, Georgians
ethnic differences within the Russian empire, tartars
ethnic differences within the Russian empire, jews
ethnic differences within the Russian empire, volga germans
what problems did diversity pose for the russian empire/ tsars
- Russia wouldn’t work as a democracy
-religious tensions
-national interests conflict with imperial interest (Russian)
-conflicts with the three pillars of tsarism, russification
how do the soviet borders change over time.
treaty of brest-litovsk 1918
Lenin uses this to gain support for his aims.
marks the end of the Russian empire in a meaningful sense
Baltic states are now free, Poland now free
Russia lost 74% of its iron and coal reserve,
62 million people lost, 1/3 of Russia’s farm land and 1/3 of Russia’s rail
communist expansion during civil war, 1918-21
uses red army to regain control of Ukraine, Belarus, Caucasus, central Asia,
expansion isn’t successful in gaining all the land lost
(lost Finland, Poland and Baltic states)
communist expansion pre world war two
Molotov Ribbentrop pact, Germany and Russia agreed to split eastern Europe. both know war is coming, in both interest to join forces
communist expansion post world war two.
creation of a series of satellite states in Poland, east Germany, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. 6million new people under indirect soviet influence
tsar repression of minorities; alexander II
where there was a revolt, it was crushed (Poland 1863)- Poland/Lithuanian divided with 10 military governors
if there was a nationalist movement it was investigated
the zemstva was not introduced in minority areas, concerns about giving these groups a voice
tsar repression of minorities; alexander III
sought to preserve control and reacted repressively, clamping down on their rights
temporary rules- may 1881, following the assassination of alexander II, many Russians, targeted destruction of Jewish property violent assaults on Jewish people
tsar repression of minorities Nicholas II
February manifesto,1889- took powers away from the finnish diet
1905 revolution- protests in Georgia crushed by 10,000 occupying groups. looz insurrection, 800 poles killed
provisional government repression of minorities
july, provisional government built up troops on the border, forcing the finns to back down and reincorporated them back into the empire
communist repression of minorities; lenin
civil war, used red army to regain control of the nations of Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia- an attempt to push the revolution west and into Baltic states
communist repression of minorities; Stalin
katyn massacre- repression of political elites- 20,000 polish officers in 1940.
ethnic cleansing- forced the removal of various ethnic groups into eastern Europe to Asia
monotrov- reventrov pact moving soviets expanding into the eastern half of Poland in 1939
communist repression of minorities; Khrushchev
sent tanks into Hungary, 1956 to deal with the uprisings, killing many
tsarist repression, motives
preserving
three pillars of tsarism- russia becoming a great power
communist repression motives
spreading communism and keeping communism in its place
changes in repression 1855-1964
higher level of repression during the communist period
provisional government
imperial Russian interests conflicted with minorities
tsarist
russification: making everyone Russian
starts in Poland after 1863 revolt
russification peaked everywhere in alexander III and Nicholas II reign
to strengthen the empire
communists culture
lenins decree
‘declaration of the rights of the people of russia’
national rights
national languages
equal rights
communists - culture overview
positive
communist ideology; internationalism > nationalism
ssr’s given significant culture rights
communists- culture overview
negative
sovietisation- collective soviet values (five year plans, atheist, collectivisation, socialist values )
tsars treatment of the ‘culture’ of the minorities
alexander II
response to the polish revolt (1863) clamped down polish identity, russian became official language, catholic churches were closed down.
targeted the Ukrainian language 1876 banned the use of the Ukrainian in print
only repressed culture when necessary
tsars treatment of the ‘culture’ of the minorities
alexander III
polish language banned in all institutions
polish national bank was closed in 1885
bureaucracy was purged of polish officials and replaced by russians
banned all non orthodox churches
temporary rules- cooping up jews in small areas, jews couldn’t occupy more than 5% of armies medical personnel,jewish people banned from education
tsars treatment of the ‘culture’ of minorities
Nicholas II
February manifesto- 1899 took powers away from finnish diet
language manifesto- 1900 made Russian the administrative language
viewed that many revolutionary activities came from a jewish backround
communists treatment of ‘culture’ of minorities
Lenin
declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia
called Russia ‘prison of nations
1924 constitution created the union of soviet republics
communists treatment of ‘culture’ of minorities
Stalin
attempt to create a ‘single soviet identity’
Russia was made compolsury in schools
continuity of culture treatment of minorities
*almost all leaders adopt a form of russification/ sovietisation
*minority religions continuity repressed. tsars-3 pillars communists-atheist
* anti semitic. tsars-jews couldn’t occupy certain jobs, shipped to pails commonists- ethnic clensing
communist treatment of ‘culture’ of minorities
Khrushchev
continuity of Stalinist policies
changes of culture treatment of minorities
- lenin gives more cultural freedoms than any leader
- alexander II used reactive = scale of russiafication is limited compared to alexander III and nicholus II
- tsars= russian nationalitys. USSR= more tolerant recognise the minorities
- russiafication vs sovietisation ideologically stemming from different oragins
political/ constitutional rights
tsars
- tsars=unitary system which is autocratic (led by one person, centralised) minorities are not recognised and have little power
political/ constitutional rights
prov gov
delaying
aim- retain the empire until constituent assembly
political/ constitutional rights
comminists
- federal system
- SSR’s, satalite states = lots of autonomy
- in practice… more limited
in theory looks like what the tsars was doing
tsars treatment of the minorities political/ constitutional rights. Alexander II
- the zemstva was not introduced in minority areas because of concern about giving these groups a voice
- responce to the polish revolt and dividing lithinuea into 10
tsars treatment of the minorities political/constitutional rights. Alexander III
- the bureaucracy was purged of polish officials and replaced by russians
- temporary rules against jewish peoples personal rights
- denied the right to vote in the zemstva
tsars treatment of the minorities political/constitutional rights. nicholus II
- 1910 law of all empire legislation procedures removed most finnish legaslative powers from the newly established finnish parliment to the russian duma and state council
provisional governments treatment of the minorities political/ constitutionsal rights
- ukraines aim of greater autonomy with the empire, a demand they made to the provisional gov. in response to this crisis the provisional gov was forced to compromise and give in to the rada autonomy to prevent their seperation
lenins treatment of the minorities political/ constitutional rights
- decloration of civil rights to the people of russia
- 1924 constitution, right to withdraw from the empire
- creation of SSR’s
