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GCSE Geography > Theme 7 - Social Development Issues > Flashcards

Theme 7 - Social Development Issues Flashcards

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1
Q

What 7 factors go into social development?

A
  • Life expectancy
  • Literacy rates
  • The number of people per doctor
  • Average food consumption
  • The number of homeless people
  • Deaths from unsafe water and sanitation
  • The infant mortality rate
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2
Q

What 5 factors that give indication of gender equality?

A
  • Male and female literacy rates
  • Fertility rate
  • male and female life expectancy
  • male and female food consumption
  • employment type
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3
Q

What is the gender inequality index (GII)?

A

A measure of gender inequalities in 3 key aspects of human development -

  • reproductive health
  • empowerment
  • economic status
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4
Q

What 5 factors are taken into consideration in regards to health of a countries population?

A
  • average life expectancy
  • infant mortality rate
  • percentage of GDP spent on healthcare
  • length of hospital waiting lists and times
  • mortality rate of specific health conditions such as cancer and heart disease
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5
Q

What is meant by the continuum of social development?

A

A way of thinking about social development as a continuous process that does not have an end point

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6
Q

What is the development gap?

A

A gap that exists in measurement of development between the worlds richest and poorest countries

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7
Q

What is the human development index and why is it commonly used?

A

Measurement of a countries progress across-

  • average length of schooling
  • literacy rates
  • GNI per capita
  • life expectancy

It is used because it takes into account social and economic factors, so is generally more reliable.

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8
Q

What 2 factors effect population growth?

A

It depends on the balance between birth rates and death rates.

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9
Q

5 factors that lead to higher birth rates?

A
  • Children provide labour on farms and security for old age (e)
  • Large families are seen as a sign of virtility (s)
  • Girls may marry early, hence extending child-bearing years (s)
  • Women may lack education and stay at home to raise a family than go to work (s)
  • A high infant mortality rate encourages larger families to ensure survival of some children (s)
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10
Q

5 factors that lead to lower birth rates?

A
  • People tend to marry later and therefore have reduced child-bearing years (s)
  • Women are educated and often follow careers which delay or prevent them from starting families (P)
  • The high cost of living means it is expensive to raise children (E)
  • Couples prefer to spend money on material things such as holidays and cars (E)
  • Birth control is readily available (p)
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11
Q

2 factors that lead to higher death rates?

A
  • HIV, Ebola and other difficult to control diseases are having an impact on death rates in LICS (s)
  • In HICs the increasingly higher proportion of elderly people in ageing societies is leading to an increase in death rates
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12
Q

5 factors that lead to lower death rates?

A
  • Better healthcare and vaccination programmes are more available to people (p)
  • Less physically demanding jobs put less stress on people physically (s)
  • People are educated about health and hygiene (p)
  • Water supplies are more reliable and cleaner (p)
  • There is more sanitary disposal of waste (p)
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13
Q

Where in the world is the highest proportion of child labourers?

A

Sub-saharan Africa
Many young children work on farms, such as cotten, coffee and cocoa.
It is important to buy fairtrade!

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14
Q

What is child labour?

A

Work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity.

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15
Q

Causes and consequences of child labour?

A
  • Poverty means children are expected to make an income
  • Lack of access or affordability for good education
  • Unemployed parents
  • Growth deficiency and malnutrition
  • 22,000 children die in work related accidents yearly
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16
Q

Who are the ILO and what do they do?

A

International Labour Organisation
They collect data from differnt countries to use as a bench mark and set goals around, they do this by -
- Improving education systems
- Creating more trade unions to prevent children having to work
- Improving social security systems
- Increasing public awareness on the issue

17
Q

What 2 goals has the UN millenium development goal set?

A
  • increase primary school enrolment from 83% in 2000 to 91% in 2015 for developing countries
  • halve the number of children not attending school gloablly
18
Q

What is the caste system?

A

An Indian class system which involves determining social class by the one you were born into.

19
Q

The 2 main classes of people who migrate?

A

Economic migrants (pull factors) and asylum seekers (push factors)

20
Q

What are economic migrants?

A

People with the hope of earning more money elsewhere.

21
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Factors that attract people to a place.

22
Q

What are push factors?

A

Factors that make people want to leave a place.

23
Q

What are asylum seekers?

A

People who haveapplied for legal recognition as refugees in another country and are wating for a decision.

24
Q

What are international refugees?

A

People who are forced to leave where they live and move to another country

25
Q

How have some European governments reacted to the influx of refugees?

A
  • Germany and Sweden see the refugees as victims and have welcomed them to their countries and help them reintergrate into their societies
  • Austria is trying to limit the number of refugees to 80 per day
  • The UK has agreed to acept 20,000 refugees from Syria by 2020 and it will accept more unaccompanied Syrain child refugees.
26
Q

What is the Schengen agreement?

A

An EU agreement where by border chekcs between some member states have largely been removed.

27
Q

What are the reasons for high infant mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa?

A
  • Neonatal infections (disease from giving birth)
  • Around 10% of death in early childhood are from diarrhoea
  • The lack of skilled birth attendants leads to many children dying at birth
  • Lack of mosquito nets and vaccinations top stop preventable diseases
28
Q

What are the 2 most common diseases in sub-saharan Africa?

A

Malaria and HIV

29
Q

What is Malaria?

A

A serious tropical disease which is left untreated can be fatal, symptoms include fever, headaches, vomiting and muscle pain.
Spread by mosquito bites, of the parasite Plasmodium.

30
Q

What is HIV?

A

Human immunodefeciency virus is a virus that attacks the immune system and weakens its ability to fight infections. If left untreated, it can lead to AIDS

31
Q

What are AIDS?

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome is the final stage of HIV infection, and can lead to death.

32
Q

What is the top-down approach +advantages/disadvantages?

A
  • Decisions are made at a government level and usually involve a high cost. Communities are likely to be affected by the decisions and have little say as to what is done.

Advantage - they may be apart of a strategic plan which aims to develop the countries infracstructure of the country.
Disadvantage - they frequently lead the country into debt and the jobs that are created are often not for the local community.

33
Q

What is the bottom-up approach + advantages/disadvantages?

A
  • Decisions that are made by the local communities that they will affect. They try to help communities by helping them to help themselves.

Advantage - They are small scale and cost less, are more sustainable and usually meet the needs for the local community better

Disadvantage - not as well funded and may take longer to organise as many people who run these projects have other jobs aswell.

34
Q

What are the 5 MDG goals?

HEWCM

A 
1 - eradicate extreme hunger and poverty
2 - achieve universal primary education
3 - promote gender equality and empower women
4 - reduce child mortality
5 - reduce maternal mortality
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GCSE Geography (10 decks)

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