Theme 7 - Social Development Issues Flashcards
What 7 factors go into social development?
- Life expectancy
- Literacy rates
- The number of people per doctor
- Average food consumption
- The number of homeless people
- Deaths from unsafe water and sanitation
- The infant mortality rate
What 5 factors that give indication of gender equality?
- Male and female literacy rates
- Fertility rate
- male and female life expectancy
- male and female food consumption
- employment type
What is the gender inequality index (GII)?
A measure of gender inequalities in 3 key aspects of human development -
- reproductive health
- empowerment
- economic status
What 5 factors are taken into consideration in regards to health of a countries population?
- average life expectancy
- infant mortality rate
- percentage of GDP spent on healthcare
- length of hospital waiting lists and times
- mortality rate of specific health conditions such as cancer and heart disease
What is meant by the continuum of social development?
A way of thinking about social development as a continuous process that does not have an end point
What is the development gap?
A gap that exists in measurement of development between the worlds richest and poorest countries
What is the human development index and why is it commonly used?
Measurement of a countries progress across-
- average length of schooling
- literacy rates
- GNI per capita
- life expectancy
It is used because it takes into account social and economic factors, so is generally more reliable.
What 2 factors effect population growth?
It depends on the balance between birth rates and death rates.
5 factors that lead to higher birth rates?
- Children provide labour on farms and security for old age (e)
- Large families are seen as a sign of virtility (s)
- Girls may marry early, hence extending child-bearing years (s)
- Women may lack education and stay at home to raise a family than go to work (s)
- A high infant mortality rate encourages larger families to ensure survival of some children (s)
5 factors that lead to lower birth rates?
- People tend to marry later and therefore have reduced child-bearing years (s)
- Women are educated and often follow careers which delay or prevent them from starting families (P)
- The high cost of living means it is expensive to raise children (E)
- Couples prefer to spend money on material things such as holidays and cars (E)
- Birth control is readily available (p)
2 factors that lead to higher death rates?
- HIV, Ebola and other difficult to control diseases are having an impact on death rates in LICS (s)
- In HICs the increasingly higher proportion of elderly people in ageing societies is leading to an increase in death rates
5 factors that lead to lower death rates?
- Better healthcare and vaccination programmes are more available to people (p)
- Less physically demanding jobs put less stress on people physically (s)
- People are educated about health and hygiene (p)
- Water supplies are more reliable and cleaner (p)
- There is more sanitary disposal of waste (p)
Where in the world is the highest proportion of child labourers?
Sub-saharan Africa
Many young children work on farms, such as cotten, coffee and cocoa.
It is important to buy fairtrade!
What is child labour?
Work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity.
Causes and consequences of child labour?
- Poverty means children are expected to make an income
- Lack of access or affordability for good education
- Unemployed parents
- Growth deficiency and malnutrition
- 22,000 children die in work related accidents yearly
Who are the ILO and what do they do?
International Labour Organisation
They collect data from differnt countries to use as a bench mark and set goals around, they do this by -
- Improving education systems
- Creating more trade unions to prevent children having to work
- Improving social security systems
- Increasing public awareness on the issue
What 2 goals has the UN millenium development goal set?
- increase primary school enrolment from 83% in 2000 to 91% in 2015 for developing countries
- halve the number of children not attending school gloablly
What is the caste system?
An Indian class system which involves determining social class by the one you were born into.
The 2 main classes of people who migrate?
Economic migrants (pull factors) and asylum seekers (push factors)
What are economic migrants?
People with the hope of earning more money elsewhere.
What are pull factors?
Factors that attract people to a place.
What are push factors?
Factors that make people want to leave a place.
What are asylum seekers?
People who haveapplied for legal recognition as refugees in another country and are wating for a decision.
What are international refugees?
People who are forced to leave where they live and move to another country
How have some European governments reacted to the influx of refugees?
- Germany and Sweden see the refugees as victims and have welcomed them to their countries and help them reintergrate into their societies
- Austria is trying to limit the number of refugees to 80 per day
- The UK has agreed to acept 20,000 refugees from Syria by 2020 and it will accept more unaccompanied Syrain child refugees.
What is the Schengen agreement?
An EU agreement where by border chekcs between some member states have largely been removed.
What are the reasons for high infant mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa?
- Neonatal infections (disease from giving birth)
- Around 10% of death in early childhood are from diarrhoea
- The lack of skilled birth attendants leads to many children dying at birth
- Lack of mosquito nets and vaccinations top stop preventable diseases
What are the 2 most common diseases in sub-saharan Africa?
Malaria and HIV
What is Malaria?
A serious tropical disease which is left untreated can be fatal, symptoms include fever, headaches, vomiting and muscle pain.
Spread by mosquito bites, of the parasite Plasmodium.
What is HIV?
Human immunodefeciency virus is a virus that attacks the immune system and weakens its ability to fight infections. If left untreated, it can lead to AIDS
What are AIDS?
Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome is the final stage of HIV infection, and can lead to death.
What is the top-down approach +advantages/disadvantages?
- Decisions are made at a government level and usually involve a high cost. Communities are likely to be affected by the decisions and have little say as to what is done.
Advantage - they may be apart of a strategic plan which aims to develop the countries infracstructure of the country.
Disadvantage - they frequently lead the country into debt and the jobs that are created are often not for the local community.
What is the bottom-up approach + advantages/disadvantages?
- Decisions that are made by the local communities that they will affect. They try to help communities by helping them to help themselves.
Advantage - They are small scale and cost less, are more sustainable and usually meet the needs for the local community better
Disadvantage - not as well funded and may take longer to organise as many people who run these projects have other jobs aswell.
What are the 5 MDG goals?
HEWCM
1 - eradicate extreme hunger and poverty 2 - achieve universal primary education 3 - promote gender equality and empower women 4 - reduce child mortality 5 - reduce maternal mortality huge elephants will crush mammals
