Theme 6 - Development and Resource Issues Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

The process of change which improves the wealth and quality of life of people

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2
Q

What is economic development?

A

Result of increased employment and rising incomes

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3
Q

What is social development?

A

Rising life expectancy and greater access to education, healthcare, clean water and housing for all people, particulary for women and minority groups

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4
Q

What is political development?

A

Forming a stable government and allowing greater freedom of speech

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5
Q

What is the development gap?

A

The widening difference in levels of development between the worlds richest and poorest countries

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6
Q

What is a development continuum?

A

A linear scale from highly developed countries to those with low level of development

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7
Q

What is GNI?

A

Gross national income per capita
A measure of the total economic output of a country, including income from foreign investments, divided by its population.

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8
Q

What GNI do HIC’s have?

A

$12,736

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9
Q

What GNI do upper middle income countries have?

A

$4126

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10
Q

What GNI do lower middle income countries have?

A

$1046

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11
Q

What GNI do lower income have?

A

$1045 or less

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12
Q

What is GNH?

A

Gross National Happiness

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13
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross Domestic Product

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year

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14
Q

What are the 4 economic development indicators?

A
  • GDP
  • GNI
  • Employment structure
  • Poverty
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15
Q

Limitations of economic development indicators?

A
  • They measure only wealth and not social factors
  • They do not recognise inequality
  • They do not consider cost of living
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16
Q

What is HDI?

A

Human Development Index
Used by united nations
combines figures of life expectancy, education and per capita income

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17
Q

What is an export?

A

Goods and services produced in one country and shipped to another

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18
Q

What is an import?

A

Good and services brought into one country from another

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19
Q

What is a tariff?

A

Taxes imposed on imports

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20
Q

What are quotas?

A

Limits on the amount of goods imported

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21
Q

What are subsidies?

A

Benefits given by the government usually in the form of a cash payment or a tax reduction

22
Q

What is meant by interdependant?

A

Where countries are linked together in a complex web, economically, socially, culturally, and politically, so that they are dependant on eachother

23
Q

What is the WTO?

A

World Trade Organisation

encourages free trade, policies free trade agreements, settles disputes and organises trade organisations

24
Q

What is the IMF?

A

International Monetary Fund

provides financial aid when a country has problems and promotes trade

25
Q

What is the world bank?

A

reduces poverty around the world by providing financial and technical assistance to developing countries

26
Q

How are NIC’s characterised?

A
  • rapid economic growth
  • rapid industrialisation and urbanisation
  • stable governments and strong political leaders
  • an expanding domestic market
  • a well-developed infrastructure
27
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process by which the worlds economies, societies and cultures have become integrated through networks of communication, transportation and trade

28
Q

What are the drivers of globalisation?

A
  • improved technology
  • improvements in communications
  • advances in transport
  • the removal of trade barriers
  • the growth of MNC’s
29
Q

What are MNC’s?

A

Multi-national companies

30
Q

What are the factors attracting investment in a country by a multinational?

A
  • government incentives
  • availability of raw materials
  • lower labour costs
  • proximity to the markets where goods are sold
  • ability to sell inside trade barriers
  • reduced costs of building and land
31
Q

Advantages of MNC’s?

A
  • Investment provides new jobs and skills for local people
  • foreign indirect investment brings in foreign currency to local economies when they buy local resources
  • the multiplier effect spread the wealth through society
32
Q

Disadvantages of MNC’s?

A
  • Profits are often sent back to the HIC where the MNC is based
  • MNCs with their massive economies of scale, may drive local companies out of business
  • If an MNC finds it cheaper to operate in a different country, the factory may close and the local people can be made redundant
  • Lack of international laws means MNC’s may exploit workers, the environment and living conditions
33
Q

What is the definition of tourism?

A

Any activity where a person voluntarily visits a place away from home and stays there for at least one night

34
Q

What factors contribute to the growth of tourism?

A
  • Increased life expectancy
  • Higher salaries and savings
  • Modern aircraft/transport links
  • Growth of holiday companies
  • The internet
  • More stable governments
35
Q

What is enclave tourism?

A

Where tourist activities are planned and congregated in one small geographic area

36
Q

What is meant by a ‘leakage’ in regards to tourism?

A

The way in which revenue generated by tourism is lost to other countries economies

37
Q

What is the informal economy?

A

The jobs that are done by self-employed people which are neither declared to, nor regulated by, the authorities.

38
Q

What are the benefits of tourism?

A
  • Generates employment
  • Brings foreign exchange
  • Wealth can be invested in services such as health and education
  • new facilities provided for tourists can be used by locals
39
Q

What are the costs of tourism?

A
  • Jobs are often low paid and temporary
  • Local culture is destroyed
  • Fragile ecosystems, for example sand dunes are destroyed
  • Increased pollution from road and air traffic
40
Q

What is bilateral aid?

A

Aid between 2 countries

41
Q

What is multilateral aid?

A

money donated by richer countries

42
Q

What is short term emergency aid?

A

Relief brought to a country after severe incident, eg natural disaster

43
Q

What is long term development aid?

A

Money to support the standard of living

44
Q

What is debt abolition?

A

when richer countries cancel debt owed to them by poorer countries

45
Q

What are the aims of fairtrade?

A
  • minimum wages and safe working conditions
  • restrictions on child labour
  • protection of the environment
  • improved schools and healthcare
46
Q

Arguments for emergency aid?

A
  • saves lives
  • long term improvements helps raise standard of living
  • benefits global economy
  • creates jobs
  • improves health
47
Q

Arguments against aid?

A
  • increase dependency on donor country
  • profits go to MNC’s
  • aid kept by corrupt officials
  • spent on prestigous projects
  • used as a weapon to put a political pressure on receiving country
48
Q

What do NGO’s (non-governmental organisations) do?

A
  • controlled by local communities
  • relatively cheap and easy to set up
  • easy to maintain
  • address local issues
49
Q

What is rural periphery?

A

On the edge or margins, areas which have a poor economic status and thus suffer from the associated social conditions

50
Q

Reasons as to why the north/south divide exists?

A
  • road links
  • difference in spendings
  • london is a global centre for finance
  • access to more major airports
  • some industries declined
  • political differences
51
Q

Consequences of the north/south divide?

A
  • health conditions poorer in north
  • life expectancy higher in the south
  • houses are more expensive in the south
  • incomes are higher in the south
  • migration of work to south
52
Q

How are they trying to reduce the north/south divide?

A
  • The regional growth fund
  • enterprise zones for tax breaks
  • enterprise zones in wales to attract more businesses
  • improvement of transport links
  • relocation of some businesses
  • creation of the ‘northern powerhouse’