December mock general :) Flashcards
Whats the difference in population between the UK in 2016 and the UK in 1950?
1950 -
Majority 0-4 years old
Higher birth/death rate
Higher infant mortality rate
2016 - Majority 50-54 years old People are living longer, more in higher age groups Less middle aged/young people Generally an older population
What is the def. of the rural-urban conitnuum?
The gradual change in settlement from the city to the countryside.
Order of the rural-urban continuum?
Isolated farmhouse Hamlet Village Suburbanised village Town City Mega-city
Why are remote areas seeing a decreases in services?
Increased commuting Second homes Young people move away Schools become less viable because of an ageing population Sphere's of influence from large cities
Similarities all cities have?
- Issues of homelessness (LICHIC)
- Chance of higher paid jobs (LICHIC)
- Support from the government (HIC)
- Lack of affordable housing (LICHIC)
- Transport+congestion (LICHIC)
- Overcrowding (LIC*HIC)
- Reliable metrosystem (HIC)
Why do people work in the informal sector of LIC’s?
- They have incomplete education, lack of quals.
- No other option as they can’t get a job elsewhere
- More opps. in informal work for them without needing training.
Where are the urban areas in Wales?
- South-east, densely populated (towns and cities)
- North-east, scattered (towns and cities)
- Mid-wales, scarcely populated because of sheep farms and mountains.
Economic issues of an ageing population?
- Pressure on public transport
- Labour market gaps
- Fewer tax payers
- Impact on pension funds
- Pressure on tax payers
Health issues of an ageing population?
- busy health services dealing with elderly health issues, costs a lot of money and time to deal with this
- increased demand for social care, taking younger people away from working in other industries.
Social issues of an ageing population?
- More residential/care/social homes needed for the elderly to feel less lonely
- Larger ‘dependant’ population
- Increase in retirement age for younger people
How would you describe the location of Mount Vesuvius?
- South-west region of Italy
- 20km from the East of Naples
- Between 750-1000m above sea level
Why are the people of Naples vulnerable to pyroclastic flows?
- Really close in prox. to the volcano
- Dense pop. so slow evac. times
- It is between 2 mountains, the valley would channel the flow into them
- They are located on the coast so they can only travel North
- Not a high earning country so emergency services aren’t the best available, though they can’t do much in the time of the quick speed of a p.flow anyway.
Where are shield volcanoes most likely to form?
Constructive plate margins + hotspots
What is the lava type of a shield volcano?
Fluid, nonviscous, forms rock
What is the shape of a shield volcano?
Circular with gentle sloping slides
How are shield volcanoes formed?
Lava finds its way to the surface through cracks.Magma produces fluid lava, travelling long distances before solidifying. Frequent eruptions form the mountains.
Composition of a shield volcano?
Lava with no layers
Example of a shield volcano?
Mauna Loa, Hawaii
Where are stratovolcanoes most likely to form?
Destructive plate margins
Lava type of a stratovolcano?
Acidic, viscous and sticky
What is the shape of a stratovolcano?
Conical + steepsided
How are stratovolcanoes formed?
Lava is acid, has high viscousity and cools quickly. Eruptions of ash and lava forms a cone shaped volcano with steep sides as the lava does not flow far before solidifying.
What is the composition of a stratovolcano?
Alternative layers (derived from the word ‘strata’) of ash and lava.
Example of a stratovolcano?
Pinatubbo, Phillipines (erup. in 1991)
What is the relationship between magnitude and frequency of volcanic eruptions?
The smaller the magnitude, the higher the frequency.
As magnitude increases, the frequency decreases.
What type of scale does the Richter scale use to measure the magnitude?
A logarithmic scale, with each number on the scale ten times the magnitude of the one before it.
Why is there more damage from natural disasters in LICs?
- Weaker infrastructure, informal/poor quality housing
- Poor education, people panic and make rash decisions
- Poorly trained emergency services
- Lack of money to rebuild
- Lack of emergency/back up rations
Why is there less damage from natural disaster in HIC’s?
- Better quality of buildings, most being Earthquake proof
- Proper planning and education, people know the correct procedures
- Emergency services are trained to know what to do
- More money to rebuild - alleviate the impact
What social impacts do Earthquakes have?
- Financial strain
- Increased community spirit
- Emotional/psycological impacts
- Loss of businesses - unemployment
- Homelessness
What is the carbon cycle?
The movement of carbon between the atmosphere, land and the oceans.
What are some examples of natural carbon stores?
Forests and oceans.
Which processes help move carbon?
Photosynthesis - taken in by plants, animals eat the plants, animals eat other animals ect.
Respiration - C02 let out by all living organisms.
List some ways in which could be evidence for climate change.
Tree rings, old agricultural notes and records, glaciers, migration of birds and other animals, the Keeling curve and met office weather patterns.
How are ice cores used as evidence for climate change?
- Gas from the atmosphere gets trapped within the layers of ice every year.
- Scientists drill into the sheets and take them back to a lab to analyse.
- If the concentrations of co2 are high, it means the planet was generally warmer, If the concentrations are low, it means the planet was generally cooler.
How can volcanoes contribute to climate change?
Large eruption launches ash, dust and sulphur into the air.
Global circulation system moves the toxic gasses around.
Build up can lead to reflecting sunlight back into space.
Less solar energy reaches the Earth, leads to average temperatures cooling.
Where do hurricanes usually form?
Between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn.
Why are more intense hurricanes forming?
Increase in sea temperature which increases the air masses above it.
This means the air rises quickly and there are higher evaporation rates.
This leads to more water vapour and energy within the storms, leading to a greater intensity.
Where are lines of longitude?
Vertical lines on maps
Where are lines of latitude?
Horizontal lines on maps
How is the path of a hurricane presented on a map?
Usually a solid red line, with dots and labels to inform us on the dates of travel.
Environmental/economic effects of hurricane Matthew?
The hurricane resulted in flooding, landslides, and extensive destruction of infrastructure and livelihoods.
The agriculture and housing/urban sectors were the hardest hit, with up to 90 percent of crops and livestock lost in some areas.
Thousands of structures were damaged, and key roads and bridges were washed away.
Social impacts of hurricane Matthew?
The disaster affected over 2 million people, about 20 percent of Haiti’s population, primarily in the poorest regions of the county.
It’s estimated that over 450,000 children were out of school.
A sharp increase in suspected cholera cases was recorded in affected departments.
The vaccine cold chain was destroyed, costing the health sector close to a million in losses.
