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GCSE Geography > Theme 3 - Tectonic landscapes and hazards > Flashcards

Theme 3 - Tectonic landscapes and hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the crust of Earth split into?

A
  • The continental crust which is 35km thick.

- The oceanic crust which is between 6km and 8km thick.

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2
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The crust and the uppermost mantle. The lithosphere is split into tectonic plates.

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3
Q

What is a tectonic plate?

A

The Earths crust and upper part of the mantle is split into large sections.

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4
Q

What is magma?

A

Molten rock located below the Earth’s surface within the mantle or crust.

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5
Q

What is a plate boundary or margin?

A

The place where two or more plates in the Earth’s crust meet.

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of tectonic movement?

A

Convergent, divergent and transform.

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7
Q

What is a convergent plate movement?

A

Where the plates move into eachother. >

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8
Q

What is a divergent plate movement?

A

Where the plates move apart.

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9
Q

What is a transform plate movement?

A

Where the plates move sideways in relation to eachother.

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10
Q

What can happen at a plate boundary or margin?

A

Volcanoes and earthquakes can form/occur.

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11
Q

Name the 7 different continental plates.

A 
Philippines
Cocos
Caribbean
Iran
Adriatic
Arabian
Juan de Fuca
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12
Q

When is a destructive margin formed?

A

Where plates converge. (Can create mountains and volcanoes as the land is being pushed together)

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13
Q

When is a constructive margin formed?

A

Where plates diverge. (Brings up more magma from underneath, creating more land)

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14
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

A tremor of the surface of the Earth resulting from shock waves generated by the movement of rock masses within the Earth, particularly near boundaries of tectonic plates.

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15
Q

What is a volcano?

A

A mountain created by the eruption and deposition of lava and ash from a vent in the ground.

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16
Q

What is a destructive margin?

A

A plate boundary, sometimes called a convergent or tensional plate margin, where oceanic and continental plates move towards each other.

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17
Q

What is constructive margin?

A

A plate boundary, sometimes called a divergent plate margin, where the crustal plates move apart from each other.

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18
Q

What is convection?

A

When heat in a gas or liquid is transferred from a warmer to a cooler place by upward movement.

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19
Q

What is subduction?

A

The process in which an oceanic plate collides with and is forced down under another crustal plate and drawn back into the mantle.

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20
Q

How do convection currents cause a shift in continental plates?

A
  • Radioactive decay in the core heats magma in the mantle and creates convection currents like water boiling in a saucepan.
  • The convection currents have enough pressure and energy to move the plates.
  • Where convection currents diverge near the surface the plates move apart.
  • Where convection currents converge plates move towards each other.
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21
Q

What happens when a oceanic plate and continental plate collide?

A
  • The denser oceanic plate is forced underneath the continental crust.
  • The process where the oceanic plate pushes under the continental plate and slides back into the mantle is known as subduction.
22
Q

Formation, location and example of an ocean trench.

A

Where subduction takes place on a destructive plate margin in places like the Mariana trench (Western pacific ocean).

23
Q

Formation, location and example of fold mountains.

A

The continental crust is is crushed and folded upwards on a destructive plate margin in places like the Andes mountains (South America)

24
Q

Formation, location and example of explosive volcanoes.

A

As the oceanic plate sinks, it melts and the molten magma finds its way to the surface on a destructive plate margin in places like Mount Merapi (Indonesia).

25
Q

Formation, location and example of a new crust.

A

Where 2 oceanic plates move apart, the space between the diverging plates is filled with magma at constructive plates margins in places like the mid-Atlantic.

26
Q

Formation, location and example of an ocean ridge.

A

As lava cools, a ridge is formed under the sea at a constructive plate margin in places like the mid-Atlantic ridge.

27
Q

Formation, location and example of submarine volcanoes and volcanic islands.

A

Submarine volcanoes sometimes rise above the surface of the sea to create volcanic islands at constructive plate margins in places like Surtsey, Iceland.

28
Q

Formation, location and example of a rift valley.

A

Where two continental plates pull apart at a constructive plate margin in places like Thingvellir, Iceland.

29
Q

What is a hotspot?

A

A hotspot is a small area under the crust which has unusually high amounts of volcanic activity.

30
Q

Is Iceland on a hotspot?

A

Yes, Iceland has formed above a hotspot on the Mid-Atlantic ridge, although most hotspots are located away from the plate boundaries, for example the Hawaiian islands.

31
Q

How do hotspots form?

A
  • Intensive radioactivity in the Earths interior creates a huge column of upwelling magma, known as a mantle plume.
  • The plume pushes upwards, melting and pushing though the crust above.
  • The plume lies at a fixed position under the tectonic plate. As the plate moves over this hotspot, the upwelling magma creates a succession of new volcanoes that migrate along with the plate.
32
Q

What is a shield volcano?

A

A volcanic cone with gentle sloped made up with layers of fluid basaltic lava.

33
Q

What is a stratovolcano?

A

A conical volcano with steep sides made up of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material like ash.

34
Q

What is a cinder cone?

A

A steep sided concical hill formed by the explosive eruption of cinders that accumulate around the vent.

35
Q

What is a lava tube?

A

A hollow tunnel formed when the outside of a lava flow cools down and solidifies and the molten material passing through it is drained away.

36
Q

What is a geyser?

A

A hot spring that is underpressure and erupts, sending jets of water and steam into the air.

37
Q

Name a primary impact of a tectonic process.

A

Immediate impact, for example a earthquake causing a building to fall down.

38
Q

What is a secondary impact of an earthquake?

A

People being left homeless AFTER the primary impact of buildings collapsing.

39
Q

What 3 things does the volcanic explosivity index (VEI) measure on a scale 1-8?

A
  • How much volcanic material is ejected.
  • The height of the material thrown.
  • How long the eruptions last.
40
Q

What does the Richter scale measure?

A

It is a measure of magnitude of an earthquake.

41
Q

Who does a lava flow threaten?

A

The local populations, as it can travel a few km.

42
Q

What is a lahar?

A

Mudflow associated with volcanic activity.

43
Q

Who does lahars threaten?

A

The local populations, threatens towns and villages in its path.

44
Q

Who do ash clouds threaten?

A

A wide population - can spread over thousands of km.

45
Q

Who do pyroclastic flows threaten?

A

The local populations however literally a 0% survival rate if you’re caught in one.

46
Q

What 4 hazards can an earthquake cause?

A
  • General ground movement and property damage.
  • Soil liquefaction/sinking.
  • Landslides
  • Tsunamis for those along coastlines.
47
Q

What 4 key aspects impacts cause vulnerability to earthquakes?

A
  • The magnitude
  • The duration
  • Predictability
  • Regularity
48
Q

What are the social/economic factors that increase vulnerability to an environmental catastrophe?

A
  • Wealth
  • Education
  • Governments
  • Age
  • Health
  • Population density
  • Time of day
  • Access to emergency services.
49
Q

What 2 key ideas can reduce the risks of a tectonic hazard?

A

Prediction and preparation.

50
Q

What does hazard mapping allow us to do?

A
  • Limit access to hazardous areas

- Control development in areas a risk from tectonic events.

51
Q

What are some plans put in place by governments to help with these tectonic movements?

A
  • Exclusion zones
  • Diverted lava flows
  • Accessible emergency services
  • Education - eg, Earthquake drills in buildings
  • Easy access to first aid kits/ water, food rations
  • Roads and bridges to be remodelled to withstand the power of earthquakes.

GCSE Geography (10 decks)

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