Theme 2 - Rural-urban links Flashcards
What is the definition of rural?
An area of countryside characterised by wide open spaces.
What is the definition of urban?
A built up environment where a lot of people live.
What is a ‘population density’?
The average number of people per square kilometer.
What is the urban-rural continuum?
A continuum along which all settlements are placed.
Isolated house - village - town - city - megacity
What is the ‘sphere of influence’?
A region within which an urban area provides an important economic and social influence.
Strengths of the sphere of influence?
- The infrastructure of transport links
- The distance from densely populated areas
- The size of the urban area
What is counter-urbanisation?
The movement of people out of towns and cities to rural areas.
What are the 6 reasons that comply with counter-urbanisation?
- Housing
- Family status
- Transport
- Employment
- Social factors
- Environmental factors
Negatives of counter-urbanisation?
- Increase in house prices due to higher demand.
- A decrease in traditional services (local shops)
- Fewer people in village during the day.
- Overwhelmed schools and education services.
- Increased traffic and pollution.
- Loss of village ‘identity’.
Factors leading to increased commuting?
- Cities have more job opportunities
- Rural houses are cheaper
- Improvements in journey and rail times
- Improvements in car safety and comfort
Factors leading to decreased commuting?
- Rapid growth of emails and online work
- Increased quality of signal/network
- Rapid growth of broadband, cheaper for companies to run from home
What are primary jobs?
Jobs that involve getting raw materials
What are tertiary jobs?
Jobs that provide a service
What is a commuter belt?
The area around a town or city where people travel to work in the urban area
What is depopulation?
The reduction in the population of an area
What is deprivation?
The lack of key necessities required for comfortable living.
What is the cycle of deprivation?
The cycle where a family living in poverty is unable to improve its lifestyle due to the negative factors of low income, poor housing and education, which keeps it in a state of poverty.
Name factors that will help create a sustainable rural community?
- Reliability and frequency of transport
- Availability of jobs
- Internet connections
- Education
- Healthcare
- Village services
- Green technologies
What is natural population change?
The change in population from birth and death only.
What are the social factors effecting population change?
- Healthcare
- Marriage
- Culture
- An ageing population
What are the economic factors effecting population change?
- The cost of raising a family
- Maternity pay
- Career
What are the political factors effecting population growth?
- Contraception
- Maternity/paternity rights
- Migration
- Vaccination programmes
Reasons for people moving into the UK?
- Jobs
- Stable political system
- Good health service
- Better income
- Good education
- Established family in UK
Reasons for people moving within the UK?
- Cost of housing
- Change of lifestyle
- In search of work
- No need to live near jobs
- Care for family members
What are the impacts of migration?
- Increase in working young adults
- Increase in birthrate
- Increased diversity
- Strains on education
- Lower paid jobs filled
- House prices increase
Why is the UK said to have an ‘ageing’ population?
More people living to see past their 65’s
Economic challenges of an ageing population?
- less working people
- More money needed for pensions
- More people dependant on the state
Health challenges of an ageing population?
- increase in health issues as people live longer
- Higher demand of health proffesionals/carers
Social challenges of an ageing population?
- General knowledge/wisdom may be lost
- More working age adults are sacrificing careers in order to care for older relatives
- More elderly people living on their own - increased feeling of isolation and loneliness.
What does Egan’s wheel do?
It is a wheel that showcases 8 sectors of a sustainable community.
What are the 8 sectors on Egan’s wheel?
- Fair for everyone
- Active, inclusive and safe
- Well run and lead
- Environmentally sensitive
- Well designed
- Well connected
- Thriving
- Well served
What are the challenges faced when building a sustainable community?
- Building on greenfield land
- Community differences
- Rebranding existing communities
- Eco housing may not be affordable for some
What is a greenfield site?
An area that has not been used before.
What are the challenges planners are faced with when building on greenfield sites?
- Environmental - destruction of land.
- Economic - too high of a price.
- Social - may encourage counter urbanisation (opinion based whether this is negative or positive)
What is a brownfield site?
An area that has previously been built on.
What is re-urbanisation?
People moving from the countryside back into urban areas.
What is a CBD?
Central business district, the main shopping and service area in a city.
Economic factors causing a change in retail?
- Congestion
- Large areas of free parking
- Wages being paid monthly rather than weekly
Cultural factors effecting retail?
- Car dependant society
- Habit of bulk buying from preferred (often chain) stores.
Technological factors effecting retail?
- Development of high speed broadband.
- Sophisticated online websites
- Rise in online only retail
- Internet banking
Benefits of out of town shopping centres?
- Free parking
- Quick and easy access
- Less congestion
- Often room for expansion
- Land values are cheaper
- Near suburban housing estates
Costs of out of town shopping centres?
- Attracts shoppers away from highstreets
- Can cause congestion on motorways
- Chain stores replacing independent shops
- Can be land use conflict
What is globalisation?
The global web of links between countries involving people, trade ideas and cultures.
Why are global cities (eg London, New York and Paris) important?
- Finance and trade
- Governance
- Diversity
- Media
- Cultural centres
- Innovation
Which type of countries have a growing number of global cities?
Newly Industrialised Cities with a strong economic security.
What is a HIC?
A high income country is a country with a GNI per capita of $11456 or more
What is a LIC?
A low income country is a country with a GNI per capita of $1045 or less
What is ‘informal economy’?
Forms of employment that aren’t officially recognised, for example irregular jobs or fully self-employed people.
What does ‘infrastructure’ mean?
The basic structures and services needed by any society like roads, railways, water and electric supply.
What does travel around the globe enable us with?
The movement of people leads to a rich exchange in culture and understanding of other peoples way of life, which enables us to feel more connected with one another.
