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GCSE Geography > Theme 2 - Rural-urban links > Flashcards

Theme 2 - Rural-urban links Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of rural?

A

An area of countryside characterised by wide open spaces.

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2
Q

What is the definition of urban?

A

A built up environment where a lot of people live.

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3
Q

What is a ‘population density’?

A

The average number of people per square kilometer.

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4
Q

What is the urban-rural continuum?

A

A continuum along which all settlements are placed.

Isolated house - village - town - city - megacity

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5
Q

What is the ‘sphere of influence’?

A

A region within which an urban area provides an important economic and social influence.

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6
Q

Strengths of the sphere of influence?

A
  • The infrastructure of transport links
  • The distance from densely populated areas
  • The size of the urban area
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7
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

The movement of people out of towns and cities to rural areas.

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8
Q

What are the 6 reasons that comply with counter-urbanisation?

A
  • Housing
  • Family status
  • Transport
  • Employment
  • Social factors
  • Environmental factors
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9
Q

Negatives of counter-urbanisation?

A
  • Increase in house prices due to higher demand.
  • A decrease in traditional services (local shops)
  • Fewer people in village during the day.
  • Overwhelmed schools and education services.
  • Increased traffic and pollution.
  • Loss of village ‘identity’.
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10
Q

Factors leading to increased commuting?

A
  • Cities have more job opportunities
  • Rural houses are cheaper
  • Improvements in journey and rail times
  • Improvements in car safety and comfort
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11
Q

Factors leading to decreased commuting?

A
  • Rapid growth of emails and online work
  • Increased quality of signal/network
  • Rapid growth of broadband, cheaper for companies to run from home
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12
Q

What are primary jobs?

A

Jobs that involve getting raw materials

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13
Q

What are tertiary jobs?

A

Jobs that provide a service

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14
Q

What is a commuter belt?

A

The area around a town or city where people travel to work in the urban area

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15
Q

What is depopulation?

A

The reduction in the population of an area

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16
Q

What is deprivation?

A

The lack of key necessities required for comfortable living.

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17
Q

What is the cycle of deprivation?

A

The cycle where a family living in poverty is unable to improve its lifestyle due to the negative factors of low income, poor housing and education, which keeps it in a state of poverty.

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18
Q

Name factors that will help create a sustainable rural community?

A
  • Reliability and frequency of transport
  • Availability of jobs
  • Internet connections
  • Education
  • Healthcare
  • Village services
  • Green technologies
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19
Q

What is natural population change?

A

The change in population from birth and death only.

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20
Q

What are the social factors effecting population change?

A
  • Healthcare
  • Marriage
  • Culture
  • An ageing population
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21
Q

What are the economic factors effecting population change?

A
  • The cost of raising a family
  • Maternity pay
  • Career
22
Q

What are the political factors effecting population growth?

A
  • Contraception
  • Maternity/paternity rights
  • Migration
  • Vaccination programmes
23
Q

Reasons for people moving into the UK?

A
  • Jobs
  • Stable political system
  • Good health service
  • Better income
  • Good education
  • Established family in UK
24
Q

Reasons for people moving within the UK?

A
  • Cost of housing
  • Change of lifestyle
  • In search of work
  • No need to live near jobs
  • Care for family members
25
Q

What are the impacts of migration?

A
  • Increase in working young adults
  • Increase in birthrate
  • Increased diversity
  • Strains on education
  • Lower paid jobs filled
  • House prices increase
26
Q

Why is the UK said to have an ‘ageing’ population?

A

More people living to see past their 65’s

27
Q

Economic challenges of an ageing population?

A
  • less working people
  • More money needed for pensions
  • More people dependant on the state
28
Q

Health challenges of an ageing population?

A
  • increase in health issues as people live longer

- Higher demand of health proffesionals/carers

29
Q

Social challenges of an ageing population?

A
  • General knowledge/wisdom may be lost
  • More working age adults are sacrificing careers in order to care for older relatives
  • More elderly people living on their own - increased feeling of isolation and loneliness.
30
Q

What does Egan’s wheel do?

A

It is a wheel that showcases 8 sectors of a sustainable community.

31
Q

What are the 8 sectors on Egan’s wheel?

A
  • Fair for everyone
  • Active, inclusive and safe
  • Well run and lead
  • Environmentally sensitive
  • Well designed
  • Well connected
  • Thriving
  • Well served
32
Q

What are the challenges faced when building a sustainable community?

A
  • Building on greenfield land
  • Community differences
  • Rebranding existing communities
  • Eco housing may not be affordable for some
33
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

An area that has not been used before.

34
Q

What are the challenges planners are faced with when building on greenfield sites?

A
  • Environmental - destruction of land.
  • Economic - too high of a price.
  • Social - may encourage counter urbanisation (opinion based whether this is negative or positive)
35
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

An area that has previously been built on.

36
Q

What is re-urbanisation?

A

People moving from the countryside back into urban areas.

37
Q

What is a CBD?

A

Central business district, the main shopping and service area in a city.

38
Q

Economic factors causing a change in retail?

A
  • Congestion
  • Large areas of free parking
  • Wages being paid monthly rather than weekly
39
Q

Cultural factors effecting retail?

A
  • Car dependant society

- Habit of bulk buying from preferred (often chain) stores.

40
Q

Technological factors effecting retail?

A
  • Development of high speed broadband.
  • Sophisticated online websites
  • Rise in online only retail
  • Internet banking
41
Q

Benefits of out of town shopping centres?

A
  • Free parking
  • Quick and easy access
  • Less congestion
  • Often room for expansion
  • Land values are cheaper
  • Near suburban housing estates
42
Q

Costs of out of town shopping centres?

A
  • Attracts shoppers away from highstreets
  • Can cause congestion on motorways
  • Chain stores replacing independent shops
  • Can be land use conflict
43
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The global web of links between countries involving people, trade ideas and cultures.

44
Q

Why are global cities (eg London, New York and Paris) important?

A
  • Finance and trade
  • Governance
  • Diversity
  • Media
  • Cultural centres
  • Innovation
45
Q

Which type of countries have a growing number of global cities?

A

Newly Industrialised Cities with a strong economic security.

46
Q

What is a HIC?

A

A high income country is a country with a GNI per capita of $11456 or more

47
Q

What is a LIC?

A

A low income country is a country with a GNI per capita of $1045 or less

48
Q

What is ‘informal economy’?

A

Forms of employment that aren’t officially recognised, for example irregular jobs or fully self-employed people.

49
Q

What does ‘infrastructure’ mean?

A

The basic structures and services needed by any society like roads, railways, water and electric supply.

50
Q

What does travel around the globe enable us with?

A

The movement of people leads to a rich exchange in culture and understanding of other peoples way of life, which enables us to feel more connected with one another.

GCSE Geography (10 decks)

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