THEME 4: SUD

Question 1

Drug/substance/

Answer 1

Any natural or synthesised product that has psychoactive effects. It alters perceptions, thoughts and behaviors.

Question 2

4 conditions defining substance use:

Answer 2

1-Intoxication
2-Withdrawal
3-Abuse
4-Dependency

Question 3

Intoxication

Answer 3

behavioral and psychological changes that occur as a result of the physiological effects of a substance in the central nervous system

Question 4

Withdrawal

Answer 4

Physiological or behavioral changes that occurs when you take a break or reduce the drug after using it for a long time.

-DSM 5 doesn’t include the difference between substance abuse and substance dependence.

Question 5

DSM-5 SUD

Answer 5

-Substance abuse and dependence combined into a single diagnosis

-Because it is hard to differentiate abuse and dependence in a clinical setting

-Includes impaired control, continued substance use despite negative social, occupational nd health consequences risky use and evidence of tolerance or withdrawal.

Question 6

Depressants

Answer 6

Slow down the CNS. They make people relaxed, sleepy, reduce concentration and impair thinking.
Example: Alcohol, Benzodiazepines, barbiturates

Question 7

Alcohol

Answer 7

10% of the withdrawal cases can be fatal.
-People drink less when they get older
-Long-terms serious effects stomach, oeshoagus, pancreas and liver cancer.

Question 8

Benzodiazepines- barbiturates

Answer 8

They are legally prescribed drugs.
-Sold as sedatives to treat anxiety and insomnia.
-Muscle relaxants, feelings of euphoria, agitation caused by other drugs
-When overdosed likely to lead death by cardiac arrest especially when mixed w alcohol.

Question 9

Stimulants

Answer 9

Activates CNS. Feeling of energy, happiness and power.
Cocaine, Amphetamines, methamphetamine, Nicotine, caffeine

Question 10

Cocaine

Answer 10

-Most addictive substance known Immediate rush/euphoria followed by increased self-esteem, competence and creativity.

High dose:
-delusions, hyper sexuality, compulsivity, impulsivity and anxiety.

Withdrawal effects:
-exhaustion, depression
-Reward-pleasure area of the brain

Question 11

Amphetamines- methamphetamine,

Answer 11

-Treat attention problems narcolepsy and chronic fatigue.

Symptopms:
-illusions, memory loss, mood instability

-Cardiovascular problems

Question 12

Nicotine

Answer 12

Both CNS and PNS
-Similar to fight-flight response

Symptoms of withdrawal:
-depression
-irritability
-anger
-frustration

-cuases lung cancer

Question 13

Caffeine

Answer 13

Most commonly used stimulant
-CNS
-Increases the level of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin.
-Increases metabolism, body temperature and blood pressure

-It can only be diagnosed if there is significant distress or impaired functioning.

Question 14

Opiods

Answer 14

Used to relieve pain
(Morphine, Heroin, codeine and methadone)

Symptomps: euphoria, drowsiness, vivid dreams

Withdrawal symptoms: dysphori, aching in the back and legs, increased sensitivity to pain, vomitting etc.

Question 15

Hallucinogens and PCP(angel dust)

Answer 15

• It causes perceptual changes
  -Includes LSD
  -psychedelic drug
  -Bad trip can be so strong that people can re-experience

-PCP is not classified as hallucinogen but it causes euphoria, lack of concern and delayed reaction.

Question 16

Cannabis

Answer 16

-Relaxation and calmness.

Side affects:
-irregular heart beat, increased appetite, dry mouth
-High dose can cause perceptual distortions, feelings of depersonalisation and paranoid thoughts

-It significantly increases the chances to develop a psychotic disorder.
-THC attaches to the cannabinoid receptors and impairs the brain in long/short term.

Question 17

Biological treatment

Answer 17

Prescription of medication.
Antidepressants block the effects of addictive drugs.
-Nicotine-antidepressants bupropion
-Heroine-methadone

Question 18

Psychosocial treatment

Answer 18

1- Behavioral treatment
2-Interventions based on cognitive models
3-Relapse prevention programmes.

Question 19

Gambling disorder

Answer 19

-Included in drug-related addictive disorders
-Behavioral addiction
-More common in men
-Related to reward region in the brain
-Early onset gambling is associated with later drug use

Question 20

Developmental changes during adolescence

Answer 20

-During adolescents brain is still developing. When looking at the Pre-frontal cortex region (associated with cognition, emotion, behavior) associated with executive control and those associated with reward seeking. Changed in neurotransmitters during adolescence creates a sensitivity for reward seeking.

Question 21

Substance use

Answer 21

Ingestion of a drug

Question 22

Substance abuse

Answer 22

excessive use of or dependence on an addictive substance.

Question 23

Physical dependence

Answer 23

accompanied by susceptibility to withdrawal symtomps and only occurs in combination with tolerance.

Question 24

Psychological dependence

Answer 24

a need or urge to use despite the potential for significant adverse effects and it’s not always accompanied by withdrawal symptoms.

Question 25

Externalizing/Internalizing substance disorder

Answer 25

-Externalizing affects are common for both boys and girls but Internalising affects are more common for girls.

Question 26

What is the most vulnerable age for SUD?

Answer 26

-Early adolescence and later adolescence between 18-25.
-Early users are at greater risks of poor outcomes

Question 27

Popular ages to use alcohol

Answer 27

Increase during adolescent, peak early adulthood.

Question 28

Non-escalating marijuana trajectories

Answer 28

1-Low users
2-Moderate users
3-High users

Question 29

Gateway hypothesis

Answer 29

The use of alcohol or marijuana acts as a gateway to the use of harder drugs such as: cocaine, heroin or methamphetamine.
Example: Nicotine is a gateway drug to marijuana

Question 30

Common liability model

Answer 30

There is a non-specific propensity to use drugs. Shared individual and social factors (such as norms)contribute to the use and abuse of multiple substances.

Question 31

Genetics - Environment

Answer 31

Both genetics and environment play a crucial role for the motivation to drink, alcohol sensitivity, amount of alcohol consumed and eventual dependence.

Question 32

Incentive- sensetisation theory:

Answer 32

Different substances alter the organisation and function of the brain in regards to motivation and reward: the cues to drugs become increasingly difficult to ignore, and craving becomes an important factor riving further use.

Question 33

ADHD & CD (Externalizing disorders are highly associated with further substance use)

Question 34

Cognitive deficit model

Answer 34

repeated, chronic drug use results in abnormalities in the PFC and impaired judgement, decision making and impulse control.

Question 35

Diagnosis

Answer 35

Full assessment of psychological functioning, including deficit related to cognition.
-monitor abstract thinking, emotion and memory
-Underlying personality

Question 36

Prevention methods

Answer 36

1-Prevention programmes (not very effective, even sometimes increase the interest to drugs fro adolescents)

2-Outpatient therapy
3-Inpatient programme
4-Day treatment
5-Special school setting and juvenile justice system.
6- Cognitive behavioral therapy
7-juvenile justice system.