THEME 4: ADHD Flashcards
What is the prevalence of ADHD?
2.2% - 5.2%
What are the recognizable patterns?
Impulsivity, restlessness and inattentiveness
When is it most common to be diagnosed with ADHD
Early school years
Self-regulation
one’s own control of emotion, cognition, and behaviour refers to actions taken to achieve future goals despite conflicting desires in the past.
-Opposite of impulsivity
Effortful control
-Inhibited control
Ex: less angry and more inhibited children display higher levels of effortful control.
Experiment: Putting marshmallows in front of kids and if they don’t eat it they get a bigger reward
Better delay of gratification abilities are associated with immediate and long-term psychological and social benefits.
Executive function
Cognitive processes that underlie goal-directed behavior are orchastrated b.
-Occurs in prefrontal cortex
-ADHD people have smaller prefrontal cortex and delayed executive function.
How to help EF delay?
- scaffholding
- stimulation
-sensitivity
-control
What are the core characteristics of ADHD?
1-Two factor model (Inattention, Hyperactivity/Impulsivity)
2-High levels of energy, creativity, out of box thinking
What are the difficulties in school ?
-Problems in school work
-Upon entry to the 4th and 7th grade gets harder due to heavy school work.
What are the difficulties in family ?
-ADHD kids don’t respond to most common parenting style (reasoning-scolding)
-Poor-shortened sleep
What are the difficulties in social-life ?
-Social dysfunction
-interpreting ambigous information as negative
-social withdrawal and rejection
Facts about Gender-ethnicity age?
- Boys get diagnosed 4-5 times more than girls
-African-American children show more symptoms but diagnosed less than europeans.
-Earlier diagnosis doesn’t mean more severe symptoms
-Cognitive dysfunction, inattentive characteristics are associated with later diagnosis.
Relation between substance abuse and ADHD?
People with ADHD are more likely to become addicted to substances.
-Early identification of ADHD and medication treatment is associated with lower risks of adolescent substance abuse.
Developmental course diagnosis?
-Women mostşy get diagnosed adolescents or early adulthood
-ADHD doesn’t go away when grow up
-The more you grow up lower levels of hyperactivity higher levels of inattention.
What are the early childhood precursors for ADHD?
1- low birth weight
2- difficult temperament, poor sleep patterns
3-on-the-go very curious
Pre-school-limited
when the difficulties improve over-time and they get limited in early stages.
Genes-Heredity-ADHD?
1- High heritability
2- Polygenic model of ADHD
3- Dominant effects are larger for inattention additive effects are larger for hyperactivity/impulsivity.
4-Having ADHD gene can also lead to antisocial disorder, alcoholism, depression
Physiological factors of ADHD
1-Smaller brain
2-Atypical connectivity
3- later prefrontal development
4-dysfunction of neurotransmitters
5-dysfunction of dopamine related to motivational deficits, serotonin linked to delay variations.
Psychological functions of ADHD?
1-The worse the EF deficit more likely to have learning disabilities.
2-Drowsiness, daydreaming, lethargy
3-higher levels of anxiety, depression, withdrawn behaviour
4-Emotional dysregulation
5-motivational deficits
What are the intervention ways?
1- Stimulant medication
2-Behavioral parent training,
3- environmental interventions (classroom adaptation)
Endophenotype
Heritable traits should be derived from genetics (even when the disease is not present), and be found in non-affected family members.
Endophenotypes: neuropsychological
1-Inhibition: ability to suppress prepotent responses
2-Working memory: ability to manipulate information in short-term memory
3-Response variability: variability in reaction times.
4-Delay aversion: preference for a small reward rather than larger delayed reward.
5-Timing: ability to estimate units of time.
What might be the theories of ADHD?
1-Inhibition Hypothesis response: central ADHD deficit poor response inhibition.
2-Delay aversion: hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention symptoms come from escape from the negative effects of the disorder.
3-Stimulant effects dopamine
4-Low arousal: abnormally low arousal therefore seeks for more.
5-Dual pathway model: cold and hot EF function.
