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Bio 371 > Theme 2 Classification Of Land Plants > Flashcards

Theme 2 Classification Of Land Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the defining characteristic of land plants

A

Eukaryotes
Almost all photoautotroph
Multicellular
Sessile
Cell walls
Alternation of generation
Embryo (sporophyte) kept in gametophyte tissue

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2
Q

What does heterotrophic mean

A

Having no chlorophyll (not photosynthetic)

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3
Q

How do heterotroph plants get atp

A

They get a organic carbon source from other plants

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4
Q

What significant features do plant cells have

A

Primary cell wall which surrounds plasma membrane and organelles

Plant walls Have cellulose (pure glucose) fibres mixed in with hemicellulose

Cella are rigid but flexible (can expand)

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5
Q

Some plant cells have ___ cell wall

Do all have this?

A

Secondary

No all have primary some have secondary

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6
Q

What type of cells have secondary cell walls

A

Xylem and sclerenchyma cells

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7
Q

What is diff about the secondary cell wall

A

The cellulose fibres are now anchored with lignin.

Lignin make it stronger and more rigid and makes waterproof barrier

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8
Q

What provides the rigidity of a cell

A

The turgor pressure of the vacuole pushing against the cell wall

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9
Q

What is hypertonic what is the effect

A

Less water on outside of cell than inside so water shift outside to balance.

Cell becomes plazmolyzed (no moisture all water leaked out)

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10
Q

What is isotonic what is the effect

A

Same amount water on outside than inside of cell, equilibrium.

Means cell is flaccid (plants droop and need to be watered)

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11
Q

What is hypotonic what is the effect

A

More water on outside of cell than in

So water shift inside cell to balance

Cell become turgid and rigid due to turgor pressure

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12
Q

What does alternation of generation mean for plants

A

Plants alternate from haploid (gametophyte) to diploid (sporophyte) generation in their single life cycle

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13
Q

What is the gametophyte

A

The multicellular stage of the haploid generation of plants

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14
Q

What happens to the embryo (seed) during fertilization

A

It retained on the female gametophyte because it can’t survive yet

It germinates on the mother

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15
Q

What is the ploidy of a
sporophyte
Gametophyte
Spores
Gametes
Zygotes
Offsprings

A

2n
n
n
n
2n
2n

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16
Q

What is the life cycle of a plant

A

The sporophyte creates spores through meiosis which then turn into the gametophyte through meiosis

Then gametes are formed and through fertilization become the zygotes then offspring

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17
Q

Is the sporophyte multicellular or unicellular

Spores?

A

Multicellular
Unicellular

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18
Q

How are land plants classified

A

Based on presence of

vasculature
seeds

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19
Q

What are vascular bundles

A

The circulatory system or network that addresses the plants water and nutrient needs

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20
Q

How much water is used by plants
What happens to the rest

A

10% used up
90% evaporated by vasculature

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21
Q

What four cells make up the vascular bundles

A

Xylem
Phloem
Parenchyma (undifferentiated cell)
Fibre cells (schlerenchyma)

22
Q

What do schelerenchyma (fibre cells) do

A

Provide ridged support to xylem and phloem

They provide thc

23
Q

What does xylem do

A

Water conducting cells

24
Q

What do phloem cells do

A

Transport sugars and other solutes

25
Q

What is the greatest advantage of vasculature

A

Makes cells rigid, help them grow taller and taller
More growth means more sunlight Allows for more photosynthesis

26
Q

What nonvascular plant is closest to lycophytes

A

Hornworts

27
Q

What is the order of evolution of plants

A

First nonvascular (mosses)
Then seedless vascular ( ferns)
Then vascular seeds (gymnosperms angiosperms)

Or
Bryophytes
Pterophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

28
Q

What are characteristics of non vascular plants

A

Lack vasculature
Haploid generation is dominant
Bryophytes

29
Q

What are characteristics of vascular seedless plants

A

Have vasculature no seed

Diploid (sporophyte) Gen dom

Lycophytes (selaginella)
Pterophytes (fern)

30
Q

What are characteristics of vascular seed plants

A

Have vasculature and make seeds
Diploid (sporophyte) Gen dom
Gymnosperms and angiosperms

31
Q

Why is staying in diploid more favourable

A

More chance of survival and getting favourable mutations to evolve

32
Q

What are characteristics of non vascular plants (bryophytes)

A

First on land
No conducting tissues (vasculature)
Small grow close to ground on wet sites
Poikilohydric

33
Q

What does poikilohydric mean

A

Have little control over internal water content

Can’t restrict water loss

If habitat dries out, organism dries out

Drought tolerators

34
Q

How to poiklohydric things stay alive in droughts of all drought tolerators

A

Osmotic adjustments and cell wall elasticity

35
Q

What is a drought avoider

A

Highly evolved plants that change leaf orientation leaf area and stomata conductance

To avoid drought

36
Q

Are gymnosperms poikilohydric

A

No

37
Q

What is the life cycle of a moss (bryophyte)

A

In the gametophyte stage, rhizoids (root like structures) keep them upright

The diploid sporophyte realeases spores and then the spores become protonema with rhizoids (this is the amplification step)

The protonema buds turn into male gametophyte with antheridium or femal with archegonium

The antheridium shoots flagellated sperm (need water) to archegonium which has spent attractant

Zygote it formed and is retained in archegonia and it turns into sporophyte

38
Q

What is the sporangium in mosses

A

On top of the sporophyte it releases spores

Contains gametangia

It’s haploid and unicellular

39
Q

What is the biggest disadvantage for bryophytes

A

Need water for reproduction because of flagellated sperm

40
Q

When do bryophyte spores germinate

A

Only under favourable conditions,

Wait for water

41
Q

Why are mosses important

A

They cause less loss of nitrogen in the ecosystem

42
Q

What are microphylls

A

They are little narrow leaves that branch off the main stem and have one strand of vasculature

The represent modification of stems they’re only present in lycophytes

43
Q

What are megaphylls

A

The evolved version of microphylls

Broader leaves with multiple veins, present in all other vascular plants

Not present in lycophytes

44
Q

What characteristics to pterophyta (ferns) have

A

Most abundant seedless vasculature plants, have mega phyll

Large

Spores develop on underside of the fern leaves then into gametophytes (no protonema)

Antheridia and archegonia develop on underside of the gametophytes.

Have roots not rhizoids

Can survive without moisture

45
Q

What are antheridia and archegonia

A

Sperm cells
Egg cells

46
Q

Life cycle of a fern (Pterophyte)

A

Sporangia on underside of leave are released

Spore germinates into gametophyte

Free living gametophyte has both antheridium and archegonium (hermaphrodite)

The antheridium burst when water and the sperm swim toward archegonium

Fertilization makes zygote

The sporophyte grows on the
gametophyte

47
Q

What is the prothallus in ferns

Where is the archegonia and antheridium

A

Heart shaped gametophyte

Anterior side where notch is (archegonia)
Posterior (antheridia)

48
Q

What is antheridiogen and what does it do

A

Shuts down the notch that has archegonia on other fern gametophytes

Does this to get sperm from them and block from giving it to themselves

Increases genetic diversity and less competition for sperm

49
Q

What type of seeds do gymnosperms and Angiosperms have

A

Naked
Covered

50
Q

What are some characteristics about gymnosperms

A

Sporophyte phase dominant
Seeds unprotected
Makes reproductive structure that contain haploid spores
Pollen grain make non motile sperm
No water needed for pollen transfer

51
Q

Bryophytes are what type of hydric

A

Poikilohydric

Bio 371 (8 decks)

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