Theme 1 Theory

Question 1

What type of eukaryotes are brown algae, green algae, and land plants

Answer 1

Multicellular eukaryotes

Question 2

What makes up a eukaryote

Answer 2

Cytoskeleton
Endomembrane system
Primary genome with many linear chromosomes
80s ribosome
Mitochondria
Plastids (in plant and algae)
Sexual reproduction through gamete fusion

Question 3

What organisms in the opisthokonta are completely multicellular

Answer 3

Animals and fungi

Question 4

What organisms in the plantae are completely multicellular

Answer 4

Red algae, green algae and land plants

Question 5

What organisms in the stramenophiles are completely multicellular

Answer 5

Brown algae (seaweed)

Question 6

What is a polytomy

Answer 6

Not enough data to tell who branched off first in the tree so everyone is at same length

Question 7

What is a cytoskeleton made of

Answer 7

Microtubules

Question 8

What makes up a microtubule

Answer 8

Tubulin dimers (made of beta rubicon and alpha) make up the outside

On the inside is a intermediate filament which had 4 tube like filament proteins (8-12nm in width)

In the very inside is a microfilament which is 5-7 nm. Made up of actin subunits

Question 9

What is an actin subunit

Answer 9

Protein in muscles for movement and intracellular transport

Question 10

How many filaments are side by side making up the tube in a mictrotubule

What is the diameter

Answer 10

13

the diameter not including the outside is 15nm and including the outside is 25

Question 11

What does the cyto skeleton do, why do eukaryotes need it

Answer 11

They help shape and transfer nutrients

Since eukaryotes are bigger they need more structure hence the agile cytoskeletons

Question 12

What are flagella and cillia

Answer 12

They are found in cells of animals that need to move. They help animals move in diff way

Question 13

How do flagella help with movement
Cillia?
Why are they diff

Answer 13

They beat in a shaped waves the travel base to tip

Cillia beat in a power stroke (large radius) then a recovery stroke back wards (small radius) due to cross linking of protien ls

Diff because of the shape of microtubules

Question 14

Do plants have flagella

Answer 14

No

Question 15

What makes up a flagellum
What allows for the s shape movement of flagellum

Answer 15

The flagellum has a 9+2 system meaning it has nine microtubule on the premiers of it and 2 in the centre.

It has dynein arms which pulls the pairs of tubules to shorten and bend them which allows for the movement

Question 16

What does the plasma membrane do

Answer 16

Controls what enters and exits the cell

Question 17

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do

Answer 17

Protien/ lipid synthesis

Question 18

What does the Golgi apparatus do

Answer 18

Modifies proteins and lipids

Question 19

What are tonoplasts for in plant cells

Answer 19

Starch storage

Question 20

What is the Endomembrane system

Answer 20

A system of organelles in the cell that have their own job in order for the cell to function

Allows for engulfing large particulars (predation)

Question 21

Why is the circular dna in prokaryotes limited

Answer 21

It limits the ability to choose what to replicate

Question 22

What is an evidence for the historical origin of archea and prokaryotes

Answer 22

They have same sized ribosomes (80s)

Question 23

What does mitochondria do and have

Answer 23

Make atp through oxidative phosphorylation

Has its own dna from mom only and it’s own ribosomes

This is the evidence of endosymbiosis

Question 24

What are plastids

Answer 24

They are in the cytoplasm of the plant cell and have chloroplasts which are involved in photosynthesis

They have a double membrane

Allow plants to be primary producers (let them have atp from sunlight not food)

Question 25

How is sexual reproduction diff in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes

Answer 25

In eukaryotes there’s vertical gene transmission ( new individual)

In prokaryotes there horizontal transfer (no new individual they just exchange genetic info)

Question 26

Describe the process of endosymbiosis in the cells

Answer 26

There was a prokaryotic host cell, and then aerobic bacteria goes into the plasma membrane of that host cell, and then that bacteria became mitochondria.

this is where they split. photo synthetic bacteria goes into the mitochondria and that’s how it becomes a plant cell (2 events)

or there’s only one Endo symbiotic event, where the photo synthetic bacteria is not introduced and that’s how you get the animal cells

Question 27

How did the rise of oxygen occur

Answer 27

Early photosynthetic and chemosynthetic (sulfur Bactria) bacteria only used dark rxns (light independent) which didn’t make oxygen

But when Cyanobacteria evolved the photosynthetic pathway light dependent rxns occurred which slowly increased oxygen production (2.5 bill yrs ago)

Banded iron formations formed in the ocean due to oxygen reacting, cause less increase in o2

Then 1.8 bill to 850 mill years ago the land surface absorbs oxygen and from then on the oxygen rapidly accumulates

Question 28

When was oxygen in atmosphere highest at what percent

Answer 28

In Carboniferous

35%

Question 29

Can mitochondria and chloroplast live on their own

Answer 29

No, the need to live in symbiosis to survive