Theme 1 Theory Flashcards
What type of eukaryotes are brown algae, green algae, and land plants
Multicellular eukaryotes
What makes up a eukaryote
Cytoskeleton
Endomembrane system
Primary genome with many linear chromosomes
80s ribosome
Mitochondria
Plastids (in plant and algae)
Sexual reproduction through gamete fusion
What organisms in the opisthokonta are completely multicellular
Animals and fungi
What organisms in the plantae are completely multicellular
Red algae, green algae and land plants
What organisms in the stramenophiles are completely multicellular
Brown algae (seaweed)
What is a polytomy
Not enough data to tell who branched off first in the tree so everyone is at same length
What is a cytoskeleton made of
Microtubules
What makes up a microtubule
Tubulin dimers (made of beta rubicon and alpha) make up the outside
On the inside is a intermediate filament which had 4 tube like filament proteins (8-12nm in width)
In the very inside is a microfilament which is 5-7 nm. Made up of actin subunits
What is an actin subunit
Protein in muscles for movement and intracellular transport
How many filaments are side by side making up the tube in a mictrotubule
What is the diameter
13
the diameter not including the outside is 15nm and including the outside is 25
What does the cyto skeleton do, why do eukaryotes need it
They help shape and transfer nutrients
Since eukaryotes are bigger they need more structure hence the agile cytoskeletons
What are flagella and cillia
They are found in cells of animals that need to move. They help animals move in diff way
How do flagella help with movement
Cillia?
Why are they diff
They beat in a shaped waves the travel base to tip
Cillia beat in a power stroke (large radius) then a recovery stroke back wards (small radius) due to cross linking of protien ls
Diff because of the shape of microtubules
Do plants have flagella
No
What makes up a flagellum
What allows for the s shape movement of flagellum
The flagellum has a 9+2 system meaning it has nine microtubule on the premiers of it and 2 in the centre.
It has dynein arms which pulls the pairs of tubules to shorten and bend them which allows for the movement
What does the plasma membrane do
Controls what enters and exits the cell
What does the endoplasmic reticulum do
Protien/ lipid synthesis
What does the Golgi apparatus do
Modifies proteins and lipids
What are tonoplasts for in plant cells
Starch storage
What is the Endomembrane system
A system of organelles in the cell that have their own job in order for the cell to function
Allows for engulfing large particulars (predation)
Why is the circular dna in prokaryotes limited
It limits the ability to choose what to replicate
What is an evidence for the historical origin of archea and prokaryotes
They have same sized ribosomes (80s)
What does mitochondria do and have
Make atp through oxidative phosphorylation
Has its own dna from mom only and it’s own ribosomes
This is the evidence of endosymbiosis
What are plastids
They are in the cytoplasm of the plant cell and have chloroplasts which are involved in photosynthesis
They have a double membrane
Allow plants to be primary producers (let them have atp from sunlight not food)
How is sexual reproduction diff in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes
In eukaryotes there’s vertical gene transmission ( new individual)
In prokaryotes there horizontal transfer (no new individual they just exchange genetic info)
Describe the process of endosymbiosis in the cells
There was a prokaryotic host cell, and then aerobic bacteria goes into the plasma membrane of that host cell, and then that bacteria became mitochondria.
this is where they split. photo synthetic bacteria goes into the mitochondria and that’s how it becomes a plant cell (2 events)
or there’s only one Endo symbiotic event, where the photo synthetic bacteria is not introduced and that’s how you get the animal cells
How did the rise of oxygen occur
Early photosynthetic and chemosynthetic (sulfur Bactria) bacteria only used dark rxns (light independent) which didn’t make oxygen
But when Cyanobacteria evolved the photosynthetic pathway light dependent rxns occurred which slowly increased oxygen production (2.5 bill yrs ago)
Banded iron formations formed in the ocean due to oxygen reacting, cause less increase in o2
Then 1.8 bill to 850 mill years ago the land surface absorbs oxygen and from then on the oxygen rapidly accumulates
When was oxygen in atmosphere highest at what percent
In Carboniferous
35%
Can mitochondria and chloroplast live on their own
No, the need to live in symbiosis to survive
