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Prinicples Of Nursing > Theme 1: The Reproductive System > Flashcards

Theme 1: The Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of male reproductive system?

A

The production and maintenance of spam
The production of transport fluid called semen to transport sperm
The discharge of sperm during sexual intercourse
Production and and secretion of male specific reproductive hormones

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2
Q

What is the primary function of female reproductive systems

A

The production and development of a fetous after impregnating
Production of milk to nourish a newly born baby
Maintaining a monthly cycle to prepare the uterus to receive a fertilised egg - the menstrual cycle

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3
Q

Label this diagram of female reproductive tract

A

A - Fallopian tube
B - uterine tube
C - Fimriae
D - Ovary
E - endometrium
F - myoetrium
G - cervix
H - vagina

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4
Q

Label this diagram of the male reproductive tract

A

A - urinary bladder
B - vas deferens
C - urethra
D - penis
E - seminal vesicle
F - rectum
G - anus
H - Prostate
I - epididymis
J - testes
K - scrotum

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5
Q

What key changes occur in males through puberty

A
  • sperm cell production (spermatogenesis) leads to seminal discharge - development of seminal vesicles
  • testicular and penis growth
  • axilla and pubic hair growth
  • skeletal and muscle growth
  • changes in sweat and sebaceous glands
  • changes in labido
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6
Q

What are key changes in puberty for females

A
  • production of egg cells
  • enlargement of breasts, vagina and uterus
  • skeletal growth and widening of the pelvis (caused by androgens from adrenal glands)
  • axilla and pubic hair growth
  • changes in sweat
  • changes in labido
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7
Q

What is they key concept of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis is a continuous process that starts from puberty and will last until end of life
100 million sperm a day

  1. Sperm stem cell goes through mitosis to form primary spermatocytes (46 chromosomes)
  2. Meiosis occurs phase 1 which creates secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes)
  3. Further meiosis produce spermatids

This happens in the seminiferous tubules in the testes and it will mature into sperm cell over 65-75 days

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8
Q

What is the key concepts of oogenesis

A

Oocytes - the female gamete germ cells (immature eggs)
Focilies - proactive structures formed in the ovaries that allow oocytes to develop and mature

Female is in uterus Oogonia multiple via mitosis to crease 2-4milling oogonia
> some will start meiosis phase 1 and the rest degenerate
> primary oocytes develop into primary follicles to develop is (made of single layer of granulosa cells)
> the oocyte in uterine has pairs of chromosomes one maternal and one paternal
> around 1 million follicles contains oocytes left
>when puberty hits around 300,000 remains as they degenerate overtime
>LH and FSH hormones trigger primary follicles to devolving into secondary follicle
>meiosis that is paused continues and meiosis 1 continues which leaves another copy of the prepare oocyte called polar body which dies
> meiosis 2 occurs which allows oocyte to mature to Graafian follicle and pauses at metaphase 11
> if Graafian follicle is fertilised by sperm meiosis 2 is completed and turns into ovum

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9
Q

What are sperm?

A

Sperm is the male gamete cell that fertilises the female egg.
Consists of 4 main parts&raquo_space;> The head, Neck, middle piece and tail

Head —— contains nucleolus + enzymes that penetrate egg cell
Neck ——- mitochondria for energy to swim
Tail ——— cell movement through female system

Can last 48hrs after ejaculation

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10
Q

Label this sperm cell

A

A - tail (flagellum)
B - plasma membrane
C - middle piece
D - head
E - Acrosome
F - nucleus
G - centriole
H - Neck
I - mitochondria

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11
Q

What is the penis?

A

Part of genitourinary tract (reproductive and urinary system) as sperm and urine pass through urethra

Penis is ->
Attached root that connects shaft and tip
Glans penis - tip of penis
Foreskin - skin that covers glans penis

Inside ->
Eric tile tissue : Spongy network of connective tissue and blood vessels

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12
Q

Label this diagram of penis

A

A - corpus cavernosum
B - corpus spongiosum
C - shaft
D - glans
E - foreskin
F - Meatus
G - Root
H - urethra

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13
Q

What are the testes and scrotum?

A

The testes are the place where sperm are produced
- a pair of testes within a scrotal sac
- testes hand outside of body as sperm need to maintained at 3 degrees lower than core body (35)
- 250 wedge shaped lobules that consist of 4 tightly coiled seminiferous tubules.
- Spermatogenic cells are there (called Leydig cells) these cells produce and secrete testosterone

-scrotal sac is able to contract or relax to pull away/towards body in response to temperature

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14
Q

Label this diagram of the testes

A

A - epididymis
B - blood vessel
C - testis
D - scrotum

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15
Q

What is the male duct system?

A

The male duct system starts from the epididymis and ends int he urethra where seems and sperm are ejaculated.

EPIDIDYMIS is a comma shaped ducted that is coiled and made up of cilla, epithial tissue and smooth muscle

During sex, mature sperm cells from the epididymis into the vas defers thanks to peristaltic action generated by the smooth muscle contractions transport sperm to the ejactlatory ducts which enter the prostate gland before being discharged into the urethra

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16
Q

What’s the prostate gland?

A

Located inferior the bladder, secretes prostatic fluid into prostatic urethra to form semen.
Semen is produced by seminal vesicles which sit near the prostate
Is designed to maintain and activate sperm during ejaculation

Prostatic fluid is also alkaline to compact acidity of vaginal tact.

17
Q

What are the ovaries responsible for?

A

The production and secretion of oestrogen and progesterone as well as allowing follicles to develop ready for ovulation

18
Q

What is the ovulation cycle?

A

Immature egg cell is released > the remaining follicle becomes the CORPUS LUTEUM. <is important for the maintence of uterine lining during the menstrual cycle as it secreted oestrogen and progestrone

  1. If egg not fertilised it shrinks and oestrogen and progesterone reduce resulting in endometrium breaking down > period
  2. If egg is fertilised then it is maintained
19
Q

What is the role of the cervix?

A
  • Provides pathway for sperm to reach unfertilised egg
  • Production of cervical mucus (changes depending on cycle - thin during ovulation, thick at other times to prevent sperm)
  • Protective barrier against pathogens
20
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus

A
  • outer layer is the perimetrium
  • middle layer is myometrium (muscle wall which contracts during labour and menstruation)
  • inner lining is endometrium (changes throughout Menstrual cycle)
21
Q

Why is the vagina acidic?

A

3.5-4.5 ph, to protect from pathogen

Semen is alkaline

22
Q

Label this diagram of the external genetalia

A

A - clitoral hood
B - Clitoris
C - vulva vestibule
D - anus
E - Labia Majora
F - Labia minora
G - Urethral opening
H - vaginal opening

23
Q

What is the role of breasts?

A

To provide nourishment for newborn baby is form of milk

24
Q

How many lobes in one breast

A

15-25

25
Q

What is within each lobe of a breast

A

Each lobe are lobules that contain alveoli that help produce milk

26
Q

What is the chemical that controls production of breast milk?

A

Prolactin

27
Q

Where does milk travel from the alveoli to the nipples called?

A

Laciferous ducts

28
Q

What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

The menstrual phase (day 1-5)

The follicular phase (day 1-13)

The ovulation phase (day 14)

The luteal phase (day 15-28)

29
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • inner lining of uterus sheds which contains soft tissue and blood vessels in the form of menstrual fluid
  • blood loss and abdominal cramps occur due to contraction of uterine and abdominal muscles to external lining and blood
30
Q

What happens during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 1-13

  • pituitary gland secretes Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in response to low oestrogen and progesterone
  • this stimulates egg cell growth in ovaries
  • stimulates lining of blood vessels and soft tissue (endometrium)
  • egg matures into follicle which can take up to 13 days
31
Q

What happens during the ovulation phase of the menstural cycle?

A
  • release of luteinizing hormones (LH) in response to peak oestrogen
  • stimulates the release of mature egg cell
  • egg is helped along by the cillia of the fimbriae found in the Fallopian tubes
32
Q

What happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 15-28

  • on 15th day egg cell stays in the falopian tube for 24 hours waiting for sperm to impregnate it
  • if does not happen egg cell will disintegrate
  • the egg cell will leave behind its shell called the corpus luteum
  • triggers progesterone release
  • oestrogen levels drop
33
Q

Fill in the blanks

A

Prinicples Of Nursing (27 decks)

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