Theme 1: Cells And Homeostasis Flashcards
Label this diagram of a cell
A - secretory granules
B - Golgi apparatus
C - rough endoplasmic reticulum (with ribosomes)
D - nucleolus
E - Nuclear membrane
F - nucleus
G - smooth endoplasmic reticulum
H - cell membrane
I - centrioles
J - Centrosomes
K - mitochondria
L - Ribosomes
What are the 3 regions of a cell?
- The nucleolus
- The cytoplasm
- The cell membrane
What are the main cell functions?
Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition.
What is the function of the nucleolus?
The nucleolus controls the function of the cell
It contains important DNA which is the blueprint
Label this diagram of the nucleus
A - nuclear pores
B - nucleus
C - cisternea
D - nucleolus
E - chromatin
F - nuclear envelope
What is the function of the cell membrane?
It helps to maintain the structure of the cells cytoplasm
Transportation of necessary substances to maintain cell organelle function
Help to form enzymes (in some cells)
Is made up from the phospholipid bilayer
What is the phospholipid bilayer and its function?
Many proteins are found
- plasma membrane proteins are protiens found within the layers
- phospholipid bilayer is a liquid giving it its mosaic appearance, the phospolipid molecules originate from the smooth ER while the protiens are made by the ribosomes
- It is not a static structure
- it forms they layers are by having a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, in which the cellular inside and outside in water so the layer is formed
Label this phospholipid bilayer
A - glycoprotein: protein with carbohydrate attached
B - Glycolipid: lipid with carbohydrate
C - phospholipid bilayer
D - protein channel
E - cholesterol
F - cytoskeletal filaments
G - integral membrane protein
F - Peripheral membrane protein
Label this Golgi apparatus
A - cisternae
B - cis face
C - incoming transport vesicle
D - lumen
E - secretory vesicle
F - trans face
G - newly forming vesicle
What are the 3 roles of the Golgi apparatus?
- it concentrates and packages substances produced within the cell to benefit cellular function inside or outside the cell
- it refines proteins from the rough ER which then are used in the cell or are transported out of cell
- it packages digestive enzymes required for intracellular digestion (Lysosomes)
What are the 3 roles of the mitochondria
- providing majority of energy a cell needs to function and involved in cellular death, cell cycle and cell growth
- the folding structure increases surface area
- it provides emergency aerobic respiration (anaerobic if insufficient oxygen)
Label a mitochondria
A - ribosome
B - ATP synthase
C - DNA
D - inter membrane space
E- cistern junction
F - outer membrane
G - inner membrane
H - granules
I - matrix
What is aerobic respiration ?
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy
(C6H12O6) + (O2) ->. (Co2). (H2O). (38atp)
38atp is the highest potential yield, is more like 30
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Is considered factory cell
It is important for protein synthesis
Rough aspect is the ribosomes (RNA)
What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
There are no ribosomes
It metabolises carbohydrates
Detoxification of toxins (including drugs)
Regulation of calcium concentration
Synthesis of lipids such and phospholipids and steroids
What are the role of the cytoplasms and what is it made up of
Water makes up 70-85% of cytoplasm
Functional and structure proteins 10-20% to keep the structure of the cell functional help speed up reactions
Lipids - helps maintain cell membrane and to separate fluid compartments also cholesterol is needed for hormone synthesis
Carbohydrates - for respiration 1-6%
What is the role of cytoskeleton
Is primarily to keep structure of the cell, it also has fingers and fine tubes and cell division
Microfliments - protein based rod structures that provide security to the cell
Microtubles - long cylindrical shapes that provide security and channels for substances to move
Intermediate filaments - these help determine shape of the cells
What are the 3 types of enzymes found in cells
Lysosomes - break down large organic molecules, removal of faulty RNA sequence
prexisomes - for detoxification
centrosomes - to help with cell division
What types of fluid compartments are there
Intracellular
Extra cellular
Interstitial fluid
Plasma
What is diffusion
Diffusion is a type of passive transport
- diffusion occurs when ions or molecules pass through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
three types are
- simple
- channel mediated
- carrier mediated
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from high concentration to low concentration
- helps balance water within cells
What is active transport?
It is transport of ions or molecules using energetic to activate protein channels
- ATP split by enzymes called ATPases breaking down bonds spilling into ADP and one phosphate
What are the 4 types of body tissues
- Connective tissue
- Epithelial tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the process of equilibrium managed by multiple mechanisms in the body, to keep internal environment within tight parameters, there are two types negative and positive feedback
