Theme 1 knowledge organiser Flashcards by Lauren Dent

Asquith’s vote of no confidence against … in … (didn’t work)

Lloyd George
Feb 1918

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in … at … Labour leader … resigned from DLG cabinet (wanted to reform Labour)

1917
Stockholm conference
Arthur Henderson

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… Election … Labour Party polled … of the popular vote

Coupon
1918
22.2%

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new Lab. constitution in …

1918

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1918 election Liberals got … of votes & … seat compared to Con. …

13.5%
133
32.6%

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DLG ‘cash for honours’ scandal … - sold … knighthoods & … peerages

1922
1,500
over 100

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Chanak Crisis … - sent troops to … border

1922
Greek-Turkish

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Representation of the People Act … -> … of the electorate were women (property), … wc

1918
43%
80%

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1918 election Labour’s share of vote rose from … to … = by … Lab largest party in parliament with … of popular vote

7%
22%
1929
37%

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1923 election Lib. = .. of votes & .. of seats, Lab, … of votes & … of seats

29.6%
25%
30.5%
30%

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Labour … successful in attaining voters by increasing … & attracted mc voters due to …

Macdonald
unemp. benefits, housing & education
moderate econ. policies

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Con. Party employed … full-time agents (by 1931) & by … women’s branches of the party had … members

450
1930
over 1mil

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Con. Party supported by press & newspapers e.g. …, … demonised Lab. Party as …

The Times
Punch magazine
communists & Marxists

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Con. Party = … of the vote by 1929, following ROPA 1918 estimated … wc voters opted to support

38%
1.6mil

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… = ex-director of … & prominent economic theorist = believed gov. should raise capital & invest in econ. to maintain high employment

John Maynard Keynes
Bank of England

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Beveridge Report … recommended state-funded system of welfare to tackle ‘five giants’ … = had … approval rating amongst public & sold … copies

1942
want, disease, ignorance, squalor & idleness
95%
600,000

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Lab. Party proposed creation of NHS in … manifesto

1945

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1945 poll = … of respondents identified housing as central issue

41%

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(1945) …’s election slogan in … = …

James Callaghan
Cardiff
‘we built the Spitfire, now we can build houses’

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1945 Con. weaknesses: failed to build …, associated with failure to resolve depression …, … tarnished by attempts to appease Hitler

‘homes fit for heroes’
‘hungry thirties’
Neville Chamberlain & the ‘guilty men’

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David Lloyd George (…) …

Liberal
1916-22

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Andrew Bonar Law (…) …

Conservative
1922-23

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Stanley Baldwin (…) … … …

Conservative
1923-24
1924-29
1935-37

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James Ramsey MacDonald (…) … …

Labour
1924
1929-35

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Neville Chamberlain (...) ...

Conservative 1937-40

Winston Churchill (...) ... ...

Conservative 1940-45 1951-55

Anthony Eden (...) ...

Conservative 1955-57

Harold Macmillan (...) ...

Conservative 1957-63

Alec Douglas-Home (...) ...

Conservative 1963-64

Harold Wilson (...) ... ...

Labour 1964-70 1974-76

Edward Heath (...) ...

Conservative 1970-74

James Callaghan (...) ...

Labour 1976-79

Attlee appointed union leaders to ... gov. committees by ...

60 1949

... - NEDDY ... & NICKY ... followed a policy of corporatism

Macmilan National Development Council & Office National Incomes Commission

Attlee - New Towns Act ...

1946

Macmillan target of ... houses per year

300,000

Keynesianism adopted by Attlee in ..., consensus only properly challenged by ... in ... at ...

1945 Heath 1970 'Selsdon Park' meeting

... ... described Churchill's econ. policies as Butskellism, combination of ... & ...

1954 The Economist Con. Chancellor R. A. Butler Lab. Shadow Chancellor Hugh Gaitskell

... ... & other key members of treasury resigned in protest to Macmillan's high welfare budget

1959 Chancellor Peter Thorneycroft

Second World War: ... of all homes destroyed by Blitz, ... in London

30% 60%

... of all soldiers deemed unfit for combat during WWII

40%

in Nat. Gov. Attlee = ... & Bevin = ...

Deputy PM Minister of Labour

... & ... = 'One-Nation' Tories

Eden Macmillan

Butler = Chancellor ... to ..., driving force behind many changes e.g. ...

1951 1955 Education Act (1944)

during WWI America's banks had loaned Britain large sums of money = total debt of ...

£850mil

(post-WWI) 'speculative boom' = new shares issued rose from ... in ... to ... in ...

£65mil 1918 £384mil 1920

(post-WWI) poor investments in ... due to foreign competition with ... & ...

shipyards, cotton mills & coal yards USA Japan

(1920-21 recession) gov. cut spending by ... & raised interest rates to ...

75% 7%

(1920-21 recession) Japan began to supply ... with ...

India & Asia cotton & silk

(1920-21 recession) unemp. rose to ..., cost of living rose by ..., hit ... hardest

12% 25% Wales & Tyneside

... Lloyd George bought off workers in ... industries with generous pay & working hours

1919 coal, rail & docking

(1920-21 recession) creation of ... working week led to ... drop in working hours

48 hour 13%

... working days lost to strikes in ... & ... in ...

32mil 1919 84mil 1921

by 1945 ... had completed some form of war work, ... conscripted to armed forces

4mil 5.5mil

(WWII) cost of overseas military commitments ... ... to ...

x5 1938 1946

(WWII) debts of ... to the USA, British exports had fallen by ... by 1945

£4bn 60%

(Labour managed economy) ... loan for nationalisation of key industries meant unemp. never rose above ...

£3.75bn 2%

(Lab. post-war) nationalised coal ..., Bank of England ..., transport ..., electricity & gas ..., iron & steel ...

1946 1946 1947 1947 1949

(Lab. post-war) ... meant inflation fell ... to ... by ...

wage freezes, rationing & price controls 16% 9% 1951

(Lab. post-war) ... pound devalued ... to ...

1949 $4.03 $2.80

(Lab. post-war pound devalued) British goods more attractive, industrial production rose by ..., exports grew ... by ..., share of world trade rose ... to ...

30% nearly 80% 1951 17% 20%

1945 opinion polls ... identified housing as issue

41%

(Lab. managed economy) investment in infrastructure only ... compared to Germany ... -> ... aid from 1948 not used for long-term infrastructure/investment

9% 20% £2.7bn

(1945ish) Britain agreed with USA to increase defence spending from ... to ..., maintained peacetime standing army of ..., continued role abroad in ..., by ... spending ... of GDP on defence

£2.3bn £4.7bn 1mil Greece, Korea, Kenya & West Germany 1951 14%

Churchill unemp. stayed low at ...

300,000

Macmillan ... 'giveaway budget' -> consumer boom, inflation -> restrictive measures until ... = ... economics

1959 1964 'stop-go'

Macmillan: unemp. ... in ... but grew to ... by ...

383,000 1957 878,000 1964

Macmillan: Japan ... growth in ... compared to Britain ...

12% 1960 2.3%

Macmillan: balance of payments crisis ... by ...

over £800mil 1964

Macmillan: ... loan from the International Monetary Fund in ... added to debt

£714mil April 1961

Wilson created ... to regulate pay settlements given to unions, Prices & Incomes Act ... enforced wage freeze for ..., in ... wage increase only if output & productivity increasing -> unpopular, strike action

National Board on Prices & Incomes 1966 6 months 1967

in ... Wilson devalued pound ... to ... but British goods remained unattractive & industrial unrest persisted

1967 $2.80 $2.40

Heath: by ... inflation ... & unemp. ...

1972 15% 6%

Heath: ... working days lost to strikes in ... alone (year of the Miners' Strike)

14mil 1974

Heath: international increase in price of oil in ... = ... to ...

1973 $2 per barrel $35 per barrel

Wilson: inflation reached ... in ...

30% 1975

Wilson: asked IMF for ... loan in ..., forced to make major cuts to expenditure -> unemp. more than doubled to ... by ...

$3bn 1976 1.4mil 1979

Wilson: 5% wage increase cap in ... led to wave of strikes in ... = 'Winter of Discontent'

1977 1978-79

(early) trade union membership grew from ... in ... to ... in ...

4mil 1913 8mil 1918

by 1910 British industrial exports = ... of total world trade compared to ... for Germany & ... for the USA

10% 20% 40%

(1920s) while cotton & mining industry lost ... of their workforce, new industries centred in ... increased workforce: electrical appliances by ..., construction industry by ..., service & leisure industry by ...

1/3 over 100% 33% 40%

Railway Strike ... by ... & Miners' Strike ... by ...

1919 National Union of Railwaymen (NUR) 1921 Miners' Federation of Great Britain (MFGB)

in ... Lloyd George ended nationalisation of mines (ignoring the ...) -> mining wages slashed by ... on average & ... in some parts of Wales

1919 Sankey Commission's report 30% 49%

in ... tariffs introduced to suppress foreign imports -> retaliatory tariffs from Europe. Chancellor ... returned pound to Gold Standard made British exports more expensive

1925 Winston Churchill

WWII trade union membership increased from ... in ... to ... in ...

6.6mil 1940 7.8mil 1945

WWII miners only paid ..., factory workers paid ...

£5/day over £6

South Wales alone ... strikes 1939-44

514

Nat. Gov. nationalised mines in ..., ... banned strikes

1940 Defence Regulation 58AA

Ernest Bevin = General Secretary of ..., made Minister for Labour & National Service in ...

Transport & General Workers' Union 1940

by 1949 union leaders on ... gov. committees

Attlee repealed ... that had reduced union power, ... MPs directly sponsored by unions in 1945 election

Trades Dispute Act 1927 120

(60s) by ... ... of all strike action called without prior approval of union leadership or TUC

1964 90%

in 1964 ... strikes involving ... workers

2,251 1.1mil

1971 NUM demanded ... pay increase, rejected gov. counter offer of ..., -> at peak, NUM had ... miners picketing ... separate sites

43% 8% 40,000 500

throughout 60s ... coal pits closed & ... miners made redundant

400 420,000

1971 inflation = ..., ... in 1972

over 10% 15%

car industry employed ... in 50s & 60s

over 500,000

average pay for factory workers: 1950 ..., 1960 ..., 1970 ...

£8.30 £16 £30

by 1944 ... of population involved in war work, including ... women

33% 8mil

only ... of doctors & lawyers women in 60s

15%

Equal Pay Act ... voluntary until ..., ... employers claimed women & men did different work

1970 1975 80%

Sex Discrimination Act ..., Employment Protection Act ...

1975 1975

by 1979 women still paid ... of average man's wage

~60%

Miners' Strike ... = abandoned by ... & ..., forced to accept deep pay cuts = wages ... lower than in 1914

1921 National Union of Railwaymen (NUR) National Transport Workers Federation (NTWF) 20%

Samuel Commission ... recommended ... pay cut for miners & end to subsidies

1926 13.5%

(General Strike 1926) published gov. newspaper ..., volunteers in ..., TUC could no longer fund after a week, when miners eventually returned to work slashed wages & ... made unemp.

The British Gazette the Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies 30%