Britain theme 1 evidence Flashcards
David Lloyd George (…) …
Lib.
1916-22
Andrew Bonar Law (…) …
Con.
1922-23
Stanley Baldwin (…) … … …
Con.
1923-24
1924-29
1935-37
James Ramsey MacDonald (…) …. …
Lab.
1924
1929-35
Neville Chamberlain (…) …
Con.
1937-40
Winston Churchill (…) … …
Con.
1940-45
1951-55
Anthony Eden (…) …
Con.
1955-57
Harold Macmillan (…) …
Con.
1957-63
Alec Douglas-Home (…) …
Con.
1963-64
Harold Wilson (…) … …
Lab.
1964-70
1974-76
Edward Heath (…) …
Con.
1970-74
James Callaghan (…) …
Lab.
1976-79
Representation of the People Act … (also called …)
1918
Fourth Reform Act
ROPA (1918) expanded franchise to men over … & women over …, expanded electorate from … to …, extended to … wc men
21
30
over 7mil
over 21mil
5mil
ROPA (1918) increased num constituencies … to …, most created in urban centres e.g. … & …
670
707
Manchester
Birmingham
ROPA (1918) enfranchised … women
over 8mil
Defence of the Realm Act …
1914
LG opposed Asquith in … -> Asquith’s removal along with … other MPs
1916
142
Asquith’s failed (… to …) vote of no confidence against LG in …
293
106
1918
1918 election coalition Lib.s … vote, Asquithians … = Lib.s only in office through reliance on …
13.5%
12.1%
Bonar Law
(1918 election) LG’s Lib.s only … seats, coalition Con.s …
133
335
… ‘cash for honours’ scandal = LG sold … knighthoods & … peerages
1922
1,500
over 100
Arthur Henderson included in coalition gov.s under Asquith in … & LG in …
(May) 1915
(Dec) 1916
Henderson resigned from LG wartime coalition in … during …
1917
Stockholm Conference
new Lab. constitution adopted …
Feb. 1918
in … Lab. had … agents to campaign, Con.s had …
1939
133
450
by … women’s branches of Con. party had … members
1930
over 1mil
(20s & 30s) … gave full support to Con.s, magazines e.g. … demonised Lab
The Times
Punch
(20s) Con.s won … vote in …, … in … & … in …
39%
1922
49%
1924
38%
1929
1918 election Lab … vote
22%
first Lab gov led by … in …, forced to resign … but increased …
Ramsay MacDonald
1923
1924
unemp benefit, housing, education
Lab … of vote in 1910, … in 1929
7.1%
37%
Geddes’ Axe = … budget … of cuts
1922
over £87mil
… set up by MacDonald to investigate solutions to Wall Street Crash … = in … recommended … cut to unemp benefits
May Committee
1929
1931
10%
Nat Gov = Lab out of office for …
15 years
by 1935 B’s exports rose … & industrial production …
28%
46%
Lab conference … embodied public’s desire for change & manifesto … reflected public appetite
May 1945
‘Let Us Face the Future’
(post-WWII) … opinion poll = … respondents identified housing as central issue
(April) 1945
41%
(1945) James Callaghan’s election slogan in … = …
Cardiff
‘we built the Spitfire, now we can build the houses’
Beveridge Report … = … public approved, bestseller sold … copies
1942
95%
600,000+
(1945 election) … Con party agents abandoned constituency duties to join armed forces/war work
246
(WWII) Attlee …, … Minister for Labour & … Home Secretary
Deputy PM
Ernest Bevin
Herbert Morrison
(1945) Churchill increasingly influenced by friends & colleagues e.g. … & newspaper tycoon …
Brendan Bracken
Lord Beaverbrook
… broadcast Churchill declared socialist programme could only be realised with assistance of Gestapo style apparatus
4th June (1945)
… claimed ghost of … lost 1945 election, not Churchill
Harold Macmillan
Neville Chamberlain
Lab 1945 election campaign led by only … full-time agents
58
Attlee … loan from US in …
$3.75bn
1946
Attlee devalued £ in … -> exports grew … by …
1949
nearly 80%
1951
… … described Churchill’s econ policies as … = combination Con Chancellor … & Lab Shadow Chancellor …
1954
The Economist
Butskellism
R. A. Butler
Hugh Gaitskell
Macmillan = …
One Nation Tory
(Heath failure) inflation … by … & unemp …
15%
1972
6%
Butler cut income tax twice in … & …
1953
1955
Churchill de-nationalised … & broke up … by …
iron & steel
British Road Services authority
1953
… Chancellor … & other key members of treasury resigned in protest to …’s high welfare budget
1959
Peter Thorneycroft
Macmillan
Macmillan … giveaway budget
1959
…’s Prices & Incomes Act … & … - first did …, second = …
Wilson
1966
1967
enforced wage freeze for 6 months
only allowed wage increases if companies could prove output & productivity increasing
Heath challenged consensus in … at … = wanted …
1970
‘Selsdon Park’ meeting
‘quiet revolution’
Wilson forced to make major cuts to welfare to receive … loan from IMF in … -> unemp more than doubled to … by …
$3bn
1976
1.4mil
1979
Attlee New Towns Act …
1946
Macmillan target of … houses per year
300,000
Wilson committed to …, … & building … homes a year
full employment
improving pensions
500,000
Heath’s … National Insurance Act extended pension rights to extra … people, established …, increased … & …
1975
100,000
disability benefit
child allowances given to mothers
made rent subsidies available to low-income families in private accomodation
Wilson - high taxation paid for … increase in pension rates, Invalid Care Allowance Act … & Universal Child Benefit Act …
25%
1975
1975
gov cut spending … 1918-20 & raised interest rates to …
75%
7%
(20s, Baldwin & Churchill) unemp … … & … among shipbuilders & … in iron industry
above 1mil
1924-29
60%
40%
Great Dep = B’s exports declined by …, unemp … by …
50%
2.5mil
1930
National Economy Act … = cut public sector pay … & ‘means test’ for unemp assistance
1931
10%
(Great Dep recovery) removed Gold Standard ….
1931
Nat Gov followed cheap money policy & cut interest rates from … to …
6%
2%
(Great Dep recovery) unemp fell from … to … by … & real wages increased … on average
17%
8%
19%
LG increased taxes every year … = in total increased by …
1918-22
30%
… LG appointed a … led by … -> ‘Geddes Axe’ = … budget implemented … of cuts
1921
Commission on National Expenditure
Sir Eric Geddes
1922
over £87mil
(post-WWI) by … unemp = … = … workers particularly high in traditional industrialised areas …
1921
12%
2mil
Wales & Tyneside
(post-WWI) cost of living rose … …
25%
1918-20
(post-WWI) gov. raised interest rates to … to attract foreign investors
7%
Baldwin & Chancellor Churchill reintroduced ‘Gold Standard’ in … - increased value of £ to pre-war … (only … in …)
April 1925
$4.86
$3.81
1919
Baldwin introduced series of tariffs in …
1925
unemp above … 1924-29 - … among shipbuilders & … for workers in iron industry
1mil
60%
40%
WSC … = B exports fell by … & unemp soared to …
1929
25%
2.5mil
Nat Gov devalued £ (from … to …) in …
$4.80
$3.40
1931
by 1939 industrial production had risen by … & exports increased by …
46%
28%
unemp fell from … to … by 1939
17%
8%
(Nat Gov, recovery from Great Dep) real wages increased by … on average
19%
(Nat Gov) followed … & cut interest rates from … to … -> in … extra … borrowers buying homes compared to in …
‘cheap money policy’
6%
2%
1937
half mil
1930
(Nat Gov) … … new homes built -> construction industry provided … all new jobs created in 30s (don’t bother learning)
1931-36
705,000
1/3
econ growth of … per year … (30s)
4%
1934-39
(Attlee) … of all state assets nationalised - Coal …, Bank of England …, Transport …, Electricity & Gas … & Iron & Steel …
20%
1946
1946
1947
1947
1949
unemp below … 1945-51
2%
(Attlee) exports grew by … by … & B percentage of world trade increased from … to … = fuelled job creation
80%
1951
17%
20%
inflation fell from … to … by 1951 & GDP grew by …
16%
9%
3%
(Attlee) production grew by …
30%
(Attlee) … negotiated … loan from US in … = used by Chancellor … to fuel industrial recovery & pay for nationalisation
John Maynard Keynes
$3.75bn
1946
Hugh Dalton
(Attlee) £ devalued from … to …
$4.03
$2.80
(Attlee) econ grew by … every year after …
4%
1948
(Attlee) bill for nationalisation … but Marshall Aid funding …
£2bn
£2.7bn
1951: B investment in infrastructure … of GDP compared to … in Germany
9%
20%
(Attlee) created … & … to help trade unions, gov & employers work together but no enforcement powers
Central Economic Planning Staff
Economic Planning Board
(Attlee) (defence spending increased from … to …) - still spending … GDP on defence by 1951
£2.3bn
£4.7bn
14%
(Attlee) maintained large standing army of …, active commitment to supporting US in Cold War & international involvement e.g. … & …
1mil
Greek Civil War
Korean War
… = period of growing affluence in which B public had ‘never had it so good’
Macmillan
Macmillan initiated ‘cheap money’ policy in …
1958
by end of 50s Japan had experienced … growth, Germany … growth, B …
12%
5.1%
just over 2.3%
Macmillan borrowed … from IMF
£174mil
B known as ‘sick man of Europe’ in …
1964
Wilson encouraged modernisation through new …
Industrial Reorganisation Committee
… needed … loan = Wilson financed via increased taxes
Leyland Motors & British Motor Corporation
£25mil
Wilson advocated for … of much needed modernisation in B industry
‘white heat’
1964 = … strikes formed of … workers -> average wage increase of … per year (under Wilson?)
2,251
1mil
8%
(Wilson) … created to regulate pay settlements given to unions
National Board on Prices & Incomes (NBPI)
(Wilson) devalued £ from … to …, reduced strength by … causing divisions within party
$2.80
$2.40
14%
Heath axed … & … & introduced sweeping tax cuts known as … = first budget cuts of …
Industrial Reorganisation Committee
NBPI
‘Barber Boom’
over £330mil
(Heath) inflation skyrocketed to … by 1972
15%
(Heath) nationalised Rolls Royce …
1971
(Heath) unemp rose from … in 50s to … in … -> … unemp at … highest figure since Dep in 30s
2%
6%
1972
1974
628,000
… … working days lost to strikes & Miners’ Strike … = pay rise of …
1974
14mil
1974
21%
by end of Heath’s time in office inflation …, unemp increasing rapidly & value of £ dropped from … to …
16%
$2.00
$1.57
union membership … 1914, … 1918
4mil
8mil
Railway Strike … led by …
1919
National Union of Railwaymen (NUR)
Miners’ Strike … led by …
1921
Miners’ Federation of GB
… working days lost to strikes in 1919 & … in 1921
32mil
84mil
General Strike … - leader of MFGB …
1926
Arthur Cook
(post-WWI) Japan began to supply … with … -> collapse textile industry in …
India & Asia
cotton & silk
northwest
(post-WWI) B. exported … tons of coal in …, only … in …
100mil
1913
87mil
1921
by 1921 unemp …, & … increase in cost of living
12%
25%
Sankey Commission … -> … ignored -> mining wages slashed … on average, … in some parts of Wales
1919
1921
30%
49%
Samuel Commission … proposed … pay cut -> TUC called on … workers to strike in sympathy
1926
13%
3mil
by mid-1920s unemp in shipbuilding industry …, iron & steel … & coal mining …
60%
49%
41%
1964: … strike action called without prior approval of union leaders
90%
… … led by demanded … pay increase, went on strike intending to shut down electricity supply -> won … pay increase
1971
National Union of Miners (NUM)
43%
27%
by late 60s … unemp
over 1mil
throughout 60s industrial workers paid … less than manufacturing
3%
Macmillan created … (NEDDY) & … (NICKY)
National Economic Development Council
National Incomes Commission
(Heath) Industrial Relations Act … = striking workers could be ordered back to work or arrested
1971
… imposed … pay cap on wage increased -> waves of strikes in ‘Winter of Discontent … -> forced to give public sector workers … pay increase
Callaghan
5%
1978-79
11%
(50s/60s/70s) mining & industrial wages … lower than manufacturing
3%
throughout 60s … coal pits closed & … miners made redundant
400
420,000
unemp … by 1972
1mil
car industry employed … people in 50s & 60s
over 500,000
average pay for factory workers doubled … to … & again by … to …
1950
1960
1970
£30/week
with overtime taken into account average wages rose … 1950-70
130%
… women married when teenagers in 60s & most women gave birth to first child in first … of marriage
1/3
3 years
until … most wc girls left school at … & those who stayed on tended to take classes in …
1972
15
secretarial skills, childcare or hairdressing
only … doctors & lawyers women in 60s
15%
Equal Pay Act … voluntary until … & … employers claimed women & men did ‘different work’
1970
1975
80%
Sex Discrim Act …
1975
by 1979 women paid … average man’s wage
~60%
General Strike … - MFGB led by self-confessed Marxist … TUC announced strike for … but all except miners stopped on …
1926
Arthur Cook
3rd May
12th May
following General Strike, … miners made unemp & gov passed Trades Disputes Act …
30%
1927
average … working days lost to strikes each year in 60s
3mil
Miners’ Strike … led by Marxist …, at peak … miners picketing at … sites gov forced to introduce ‘three-day week’
1971
40,000
500
