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A-level History - Britain 1918-97 > Britain theme 1 evidence > Flashcards

Britain theme 1 evidence Flashcards

1
Q

David Lloyd George (…) …

A

Lib.
1916-22

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2
Q

Andrew Bonar Law (…) …

A

Con.
1922-23

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3
Q

Stanley Baldwin (…) … … …

A

Con.
1923-24
1924-29
1935-37

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4
Q

James Ramsey MacDonald (…) …. …

A

Lab.
1924
1929-35

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5
Q

Neville Chamberlain (…) …

A

Con.
1937-40

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6
Q

Winston Churchill (…) … …

A

Con.
1940-45
1951-55

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7
Q

Anthony Eden (…) …

A

Con.
1955-57

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8
Q

Harold Macmillan (…) …

A

Con.
1957-63

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9
Q

Alec Douglas-Home (…) …

A

Con.
1963-64

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10
Q

Harold Wilson (…) … …

A

Lab.
1964-70
1974-76

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11
Q

Edward Heath (…) …

A

Con.
1970-74

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12
Q

James Callaghan (…) …

A

Lab.
1976-79

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13
Q

Representation of the People Act … (also called …)

A

1918
Fourth Reform Act

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14
Q

ROPA (1918) expanded franchise to men over … & women over …, expanded electorate from … to …, extended to … wc men

A

21
30
over 7mil
over 21mil
5mil

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15
Q

ROPA (1918) increased num constituencies … to …, most created in urban centres e.g. … & …

A

670
707
Manchester
Birmingham

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16
Q

ROPA (1918) enfranchised … women

A

over 8mil

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17
Q

Defence of the Realm Act …

A

1914

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18
Q

LG opposed Asquith in … -> Asquith’s removal along with … other MPs

A

1916
142

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19
Q

Asquith’s failed (… to …) vote of no confidence against LG in …

A

293
106
1918

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20
Q

1918 election coalition Lib.s … vote, Asquithians … = Lib.s only in office through reliance on …

A

13.5%
12.1%
Bonar Law

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21
Q

(1918 election) LG’s Lib.s only … seats, coalition Con.s …

A

133
335

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22
Q

… ‘cash for honours’ scandal = LG sold … knighthoods & … peerages

A

1922
1,500
over 100

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23
Q

Arthur Henderson included in coalition gov.s under Asquith in … & LG in …

A

(May) 1915
(Dec) 1916

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24
Q

Henderson resigned from LG wartime coalition in … during …

A

1917
Stockholm Conference

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25
Q

new Lab. constitution adopted …

A

Feb. 1918

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26
Q

in … Lab. had … agents to campaign, Con.s had …

A

1939
133
450

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27
Q

by … women’s branches of Con. party had … members

A

1930
over 1mil

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28
Q

(20s & 30s) … gave full support to Con.s, magazines e.g. … demonised Lab

A

The Times
Punch

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29
Q

(20s) Con.s won … vote in …, … in … & … in …

A

39%
1922
49%
1924
38%
1929

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30
Q

1918 election Lab … vote

A

22%

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31
Q

first Lab gov led by … in …, forced to resign … but increased …

A

Ramsay MacDonald
1923
1924
unemp benefit, housing, education

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32
Q

Lab … of vote in 1910, … in 1929

A

7.1%
37%

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33
Q

Geddes’ Axe = … budget … of cuts

A

1922
over £87mil

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34
Q

… set up by MacDonald to investigate solutions to Wall Street Crash … = in … recommended … cut to unemp benefits

A

May Committee
1929
1931
10%

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35
Q

Nat Gov = Lab out of office for …

A

15 years

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36
Q

by 1935 B’s exports rose … & industrial production …

A

28%
46%

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37
Q

Lab conference … embodied public’s desire for change & manifesto … reflected public appetite

A

May 1945
‘Let Us Face the Future’

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38
Q

(post-WWII) … opinion poll = … respondents identified housing as central issue

A

(April) 1945
41%

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39
Q

(1945) James Callaghan’s election slogan in … = …

A

Cardiff
‘we built the Spitfire, now we can build the houses’

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40
Q

Beveridge Report … = … public approved, bestseller sold … copies

A

1942
95%
600,000+

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41
Q

(1945 election) … Con party agents abandoned constituency duties to join armed forces/war work

A

246

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42
Q

(WWII) Attlee …, … Minister for Labour & … Home Secretary

A

Deputy PM
Ernest Bevin
Herbert Morrison

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43
Q

(1945) Churchill increasingly influenced by friends & colleagues e.g. … & newspaper tycoon …

A

Brendan Bracken
Lord Beaverbrook

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44
Q

… broadcast Churchill declared socialist programme could only be realised with assistance of Gestapo style apparatus

A

4th June (1945)

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45
Q

… claimed ghost of … lost 1945 election, not Churchill

A

Harold Macmillan
Neville Chamberlain

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46
Q

Lab 1945 election campaign led by only … full-time agents

A

58

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47
Q

Attlee … loan from US in …

A

$3.75bn
1946

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48
Q

Attlee devalued £ in … -> exports grew … by …

A

1949
nearly 80%
1951

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49
Q

… … described Churchill’s econ policies as … = combination Con Chancellor … & Lab Shadow Chancellor …

A

1954
The Economist
Butskellism
R. A. Butler
Hugh Gaitskell

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50
Q

Macmillan = …

A

One Nation Tory

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51
Q

(Heath failure) inflation … by … & unemp …

A

15%
1972
6%

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52
Q

Butler cut income tax twice in … & …

A

1953
1955

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53
Q

Churchill de-nationalised … & broke up … by …

A

iron & steel
British Road Services authority
1953

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54
Q

… Chancellor … & other key members of treasury resigned in protest to …’s high welfare budget

A

1959
Peter Thorneycroft
Macmillan

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55
Q

Macmillan … giveaway budget

A

1959

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56
Q

…’s Prices & Incomes Act … & … - first did …, second = …

A

Wilson
1966
1967
enforced wage freeze for 6 months
only allowed wage increases if companies could prove output & productivity increasing

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57
Q

Heath challenged consensus in … at … = wanted …

A

1970
‘Selsdon Park’ meeting
‘quiet revolution’

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58
Q

Wilson forced to make major cuts to welfare to receive … loan from IMF in … -> unemp more than doubled to … by …

A

$3bn
1976
1.4mil
1979

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59
Q

Attlee New Towns Act …

A

1946

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60
Q

Macmillan target of … houses per year

A

300,000

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61
Q

Wilson committed to …, … & building … homes a year

A

full employment
improving pensions
500,000

62
Q

Heath’s … National Insurance Act extended pension rights to extra … people, established …, increased … & …

A

1975
100,000
disability benefit
child allowances given to mothers
made rent subsidies available to low-income families in private accomodation

63
Q

Wilson - high taxation paid for … increase in pension rates, Invalid Care Allowance Act … & Universal Child Benefit Act …

A

25%
1975
1975

64
Q

gov cut spending … 1918-20 & raised interest rates to …

A

75%
7%

65
Q

(20s, Baldwin & Churchill) unemp … … & … among shipbuilders & … in iron industry

A

above 1mil
1924-29
60%
40%

66
Q

Great Dep = B’s exports declined by …, unemp … by …

A

50%
2.5mil
1930

67
Q

National Economy Act … = cut public sector pay … & ‘means test’ for unemp assistance

A

1931
10%

68
Q

(Great Dep recovery) removed Gold Standard ….

A

1931

69
Q

Nat Gov followed cheap money policy & cut interest rates from … to …

A

6%
2%

70
Q

(Great Dep recovery) unemp fell from … to … by … & real wages increased … on average

A

17%
8%
19%

71
Q

LG increased taxes every year … = in total increased by …

A

1918-22
30%

72
Q

… LG appointed a … led by … -> ‘Geddes Axe’ = … budget implemented … of cuts

A

1921
Commission on National Expenditure
Sir Eric Geddes
1922
over £87mil

73
Q

(post-WWI) by … unemp = … = … workers particularly high in traditional industrialised areas …

A

1921
12%
2mil
Wales & Tyneside

74
Q

(post-WWI) cost of living rose … …

A

25%
1918-20

75
Q

(post-WWI) gov. raised interest rates to … to attract foreign investors

A

7%

76
Q

Baldwin & Chancellor Churchill reintroduced ‘Gold Standard’ in … - increased value of £ to pre-war … (only … in …)

A

April 1925
$4.86
$3.81
1919

77
Q

Baldwin introduced series of tariffs in …

A

1925

78
Q

unemp above … 1924-29 - … among shipbuilders & … for workers in iron industry

A

1mil
60%
40%

79
Q

WSC … = B exports fell by … & unemp soared to …

A

1929
25%
2.5mil

80
Q

Nat Gov devalued £ (from … to …) in …

A

$4.80
$3.40
1931

81
Q

by 1939 industrial production had risen by … & exports increased by …

A

46%
28%

82
Q

unemp fell from … to … by 1939

A

17%
8%

83
Q

(Nat Gov, recovery from Great Dep) real wages increased by … on average

A

19%

84
Q

(Nat Gov) followed … & cut interest rates from … to … -> in … extra … borrowers buying homes compared to in …

A

‘cheap money policy’
6%
2%
1937
half mil
1930

85
Q

(Nat Gov) … … new homes built -> construction industry provided … all new jobs created in 30s (don’t bother learning)

A

1931-36
705,000
1/3

86
Q

econ growth of … per year … (30s)

A

4%
1934-39

87
Q

(Attlee) … of all state assets nationalised - Coal …, Bank of England …, Transport …, Electricity & Gas … & Iron & Steel …

A

20%
1946
1946
1947
1947
1949

88
Q

unemp below … 1945-51

A

2%

89
Q

(Attlee) exports grew by … by … & B percentage of world trade increased from … to … = fuelled job creation

A

80%
1951
17%
20%

90
Q

inflation fell from … to … by 1951 & GDP grew by …

A

16%
9%
3%

91
Q

(Attlee) production grew by …

A

30%

92
Q

(Attlee) … negotiated … loan from US in … = used by Chancellor … to fuel industrial recovery & pay for nationalisation

A

John Maynard Keynes
$3.75bn
1946
Hugh Dalton

93
Q

(Attlee) £ devalued from … to …

A

$4.03
$2.80

94
Q

(Attlee) econ grew by … every year after …

A

4%
1948

95
Q

(Attlee) bill for nationalisation … but Marshall Aid funding …

A

£2bn
£2.7bn

96
Q

1951: B investment in infrastructure … of GDP compared to … in Germany

A

9%
20%

97
Q

(Attlee) created … & … to help trade unions, gov & employers work together but no enforcement powers

A

Central Economic Planning Staff
Economic Planning Board

98
Q

(Attlee) (defence spending increased from … to …) - still spending … GDP on defence by 1951

A

£2.3bn
£4.7bn
14%

99
Q

(Attlee) maintained large standing army of …, active commitment to supporting US in Cold War & international involvement e.g. … & …

A

1mil
Greek Civil War
Korean War

100
Q

… = period of growing affluence in which B public had ‘never had it so good’

A

Macmillan

101
Q

Macmillan initiated ‘cheap money’ policy in …

A

1958

102
Q

by end of 50s Japan had experienced … growth, Germany … growth, B …

A

12%
5.1%
just over 2.3%

103
Q

Macmillan borrowed … from IMF

A

£174mil

104
Q

B known as ‘sick man of Europe’ in …

A

1964

105
Q

Wilson encouraged modernisation through new …

A

Industrial Reorganisation Committee

106
Q

… needed … loan = Wilson financed via increased taxes

A

Leyland Motors & British Motor Corporation
£25mil

107
Q

Wilson advocated for … of much needed modernisation in B industry

A

‘white heat’

108
Q

1964 = … strikes formed of … workers -> average wage increase of … per year (under Wilson?)

A

2,251
1mil
8%

109
Q

(Wilson) … created to regulate pay settlements given to unions

A

National Board on Prices & Incomes (NBPI)

110
Q

(Wilson) devalued £ from … to …, reduced strength by … causing divisions within party

A

$2.80
$2.40
14%

111
Q

Heath axed … & … & introduced sweeping tax cuts known as … = first budget cuts of …

A

Industrial Reorganisation Committee
NBPI
‘Barber Boom’
over £330mil

112
Q

(Heath) inflation skyrocketed to … by 1972

A

15%

113
Q

(Heath) nationalised Rolls Royce …

A

1971

114
Q

(Heath) unemp rose from … in 50s to … in … -> … unemp at … highest figure since Dep in 30s

A

2%
6%
1972
1974
628,000

115
Q

… … working days lost to strikes & Miners’ Strike … = pay rise of …

A

1974
14mil
1974
21%

116
Q

by end of Heath’s time in office inflation …, unemp increasing rapidly & value of £ dropped from … to …

A

16%
$2.00
$1.57

117
Q

union membership … 1914, … 1918

A

4mil
8mil

118
Q

Railway Strike … led by …

A

1919
National Union of Railwaymen (NUR)

119
Q

Miners’ Strike … led by …

A

1921
Miners’ Federation of GB

120
Q

… working days lost to strikes in 1919 & … in 1921

A

32mil
84mil

121
Q

General Strike … - leader of MFGB …

A

1926
Arthur Cook

122
Q

(post-WWI) Japan began to supply … with … -> collapse textile industry in …

A

India & Asia
cotton & silk
northwest

123
Q

(post-WWI) B. exported … tons of coal in …, only … in …

A

100mil
1913
87mil
1921

124
Q

by 1921 unemp …, & … increase in cost of living

A

12%
25%

125
Q

Sankey Commission … -> … ignored -> mining wages slashed … on average, … in some parts of Wales

A

1919
1921
30%
49%

126
Q

Samuel Commission … proposed … pay cut -> TUC called on … workers to strike in sympathy

A

1926
13%
3mil

127
Q

by mid-1920s unemp in shipbuilding industry …, iron & steel … & coal mining …

A

60%
49%
41%

128
Q

1964: … strike action called without prior approval of union leaders

A

90%

129
Q

… … led by demanded … pay increase, went on strike intending to shut down electricity supply -> won … pay increase

A

1971
National Union of Miners (NUM)
43%
27%

130
Q

by late 60s … unemp

A

over 1mil

131
Q

throughout 60s industrial workers paid … less than manufacturing

A

3%

132
Q

Macmillan created … (NEDDY) & … (NICKY)

A

National Economic Development Council
National Incomes Commission

133
Q

(Heath) Industrial Relations Act … = striking workers could be ordered back to work or arrested

A

1971

134
Q

… imposed … pay cap on wage increased -> waves of strikes in ‘Winter of Discontent … -> forced to give public sector workers … pay increase

A

Callaghan
5%
1978-79
11%

135
Q

(50s/60s/70s) mining & industrial wages … lower than manufacturing

A

3%

136
Q

throughout 60s … coal pits closed & … miners made redundant

A

400
420,000

137
Q

unemp … by 1972

A

1mil

138
Q

car industry employed … people in 50s & 60s

A

over 500,000

139
Q

average pay for factory workers doubled … to … & again by … to …

A

1950
1960
1970
£30/week

140
Q

with overtime taken into account average wages rose … 1950-70

A

130%

141
Q

… women married when teenagers in 60s & most women gave birth to first child in first … of marriage

A

1/3
3 years

142
Q

until … most wc girls left school at … & those who stayed on tended to take classes in …

A

1972
15
secretarial skills, childcare or hairdressing

143
Q

only … doctors & lawyers women in 60s

A

15%

144
Q

Equal Pay Act … voluntary until … & … employers claimed women & men did ‘different work’

A

1970
1975
80%

145
Q

Sex Discrim Act …

A

1975

146
Q

by 1979 women paid … average man’s wage

A

~60%

147
Q

General Strike … - MFGB led by self-confessed Marxist … TUC announced strike for … but all except miners stopped on …

A

1926
Arthur Cook
3rd May
12th May

148
Q

following General Strike, … miners made unemp & gov passed Trades Disputes Act …

A

30%
1927

149
Q

average … working days lost to strikes each year in 60s

A

3mil

150
Q

Miners’ Strike … led by Marxist …, at peak … miners picketing at … sites gov forced to introduce ‘three-day week’

A

1971
40,000
500

A-level History - Britain 1918-97 (8 decks)

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