Britain theme 1 evidence Flashcards
1
Q
David Lloyd George (…) …
A
Lib.
1916-22
2
Q
Andrew Bonar Law (…) …
A
Con.
1922-23
3
Q
Stanley Baldwin (…) … … …
A
Con.
1923-24
1924-29
1935-37
4
Q
James Ramsey MacDonald (…) …. …
A
Lab.
1924
1929-35
5
Q
Neville Chamberlain (…) …
A
Con.
1937-40
6
Q
Winston Churchill (…) … …
A
Con.
1940-45
1951-55
7
Q
Anthony Eden (…) …
A
Con.
1955-57
8
Q
Harold Macmillan (…) …
A
Con.
1957-63
9
Q
Alec Douglas-Home (…) …
A
Con.
1963-64
10
Q
Harold Wilson (…) … …
A
Lab.
1964-70
1974-76
11
Q
Edward Heath (…) …
A
Con.
1970-74
12
Q
James Callaghan (…) …
A
Lab.
1976-79
13
Q
Representation of the People Act … (also called …)
A
1918
Fourth Reform Act
14
Q
ROPA (1918) expanded franchise to men over … & women over …, expanded electorate from … to …, extended to … wc men
A
21
30
over 7mil
over 21mil
5mil
15
Q
(electorate … prior to 1918 to … 1928, … of electorate industrial wc from 1918)
A
7.7mil
almost 29mil
80%
16
Q
ROPA (1918) increased num constituencies … to …, most created in urban centres e.g. … & …
A
670
707
Manchester
Birmingham
17
Q
ROPA (1918) enfranchised … women
A
over 8mil
18
Q
Defence of the Realm Act …
A
1914
19
Q
LG opposed Asquith in … -> Asquith’s removal along with … other MPs
A
1916
142
20
Q
Asquith’s failed (… to …) vote of no confidence against LG in …
A
293
106
1918
21
Q
1918 election coalition Lib.s … vote, Asquithians … = Lib.s only in office through reliance on …
A
13.5%
12.1%
Bonar Law
22
Q
(1918 election) LG’s Lib.s only … seats, coalition Con.s …
A
133
335
23
Q
… ‘cash for honours’ scandal = LG sold … knighthoods & … peerages
A
1922
1,500
over 100
24
Q
Arthur Henderson included in coalition gov.s under Asquith in … & LG in … (helped raise profile of party = only founded in …)
A
(May) 1915
(Dec) 1916
1900
25
Henderson resigned from LG wartime coalition in ... during ...
1917
Stockholm Conference
26
new Lab. constitution adopted ...
Feb. 1918
27
in ... Lab. had ... agents to campaign, Con.s had ...
1939
133
450
28
by ... women's branches of Con. party had ... members
1930
over 1mil
29
(20s & 30s) ... gave full support to Con.s, magazines e.g. ... demonised Lab
The Times
Punch
30
(20s) Con.s won ... vote in ..., ... in ... & ... in ...
39%
1922
49%
1924
38%
1929
31
(20s) Cons held office ... with only brief ... Lab gov in ...
1922-29
9 month
1924
32
1918 election Lab ... vote
22%
33
first Lab gov led by ... in ..., forced to resign ... but increased ...
Ramsay MacDonald
1923
1924
unemp benefit, housing, education
34
Lab ... of vote in 1910, ... in 1929
7.1%
37%
35
Geddes' Axe = ... budget ... of cuts
1922
over £87mil
36
... set up by MacDonald to investigate solutions to Wall Street Crash ... = in ... recommended ... cut to unemp benefits
May Committee
1929
1931
10%
37
Nat Gov = Lab out of office for ...
15 years
38
by 1935 B's exports rose ... & industrial production ...
28%
46%
39
Lab conference ... embodied public's desire for change & manifesto ... reflected public appetite
May 1945
'Let Us Face the Future'
40
(post-WWII) ... opinion poll = ... respondents identified housing as central issue
(April) 1945
41%
41
(1945) James Callaghan's election slogan in ... = ...
Cardiff
'we built the Spitfire, now we can build the houses'
42
Beveridge Report ... = ... public approved, bestseller sold ... copies
1942
95%
600,000+
43
(1945 election) ... Con party agents abandoned constituency duties to join armed forces/war work
246
44
(WWII) Attlee ..., ... Minister for Labour & ... Home Secretary
Deputy PM
Ernest Bevin
Herbert Morrison
45
(1945) Churchill increasingly influenced by friends & colleagues e.g. ... & newspaper tycoon ...
Brendan Bracken
Lord Beaverbrook
46
... broadcast Churchill declared socialist programme could only be realised with assistance of Gestapo style apparatus
4th June (1945)
47
... claimed ghost of ... lost 1945 election, not Churchill
Harold Macmillan
Neville Chamberlain
48
Lab 1945 election campaign led by only ... full-time agents
58
49
Attlee ... loan from US in ...
$3.75bn
1946
50
Attlee devalued £ in ... -> exports grew ... by ...
1949
nearly 80%
1951
51
... ... described Churchill's econ policies as ... = combination Con Chancellor ... & Lab Shadow Chancellor ...
1954
The Economist
Butskellism
R. A. Butler
Hugh Gaitskell
52
Macmillan = ...
One Nation Tory
53
(both parties remained committed to full employment as central objective econ policy until ...)
1975
54
(Heath failure) inflation ... by ... & unemp ...
15%
1972
6%
55
Butler cut income tax twice in ... & ...
1953
1955
56
Churchill de-nationalised ... & broke up ... by ...
iron & steel
British Road Services authority
1953
57
... Chancellor ... & other key members of treasury resigned in protest to ...'s high welfare budget
1959
Peter Thorneycroft
Macmillan
58
Macmillan ... giveaway budget
1959
59
...'s Prices & Incomes Act ... & ... - first did ..., second = ...
Wilson
1966
1967
enforced wage freeze for 6 months
only allowed wage increases if companies could prove output & productivity increasing
60
Heath challenged consensus in ... at ... = wanted ...
1970
'Selsdon Park' meeting
'quiet revolution'
61
Wilson forced to make major cuts to welfare to receive ... loan from IMF in ... -> unemp more than doubled to ... by ...
$3bn
1976
1.4mil
1979
62
Attlee New Towns Act ...
1946
63
Macmillan target of ... houses per year
300,000
64
Wilson committed to ..., ... & building ... homes a year
full employment
improving pensions
500,000
65
Heath's ... National Insurance Act extended pension rights to extra ... people, established ..., increased ... & ...
1975
100,000
disability benefit
child allowances given to mothers
made rent subsidies available to low-income families in private accomodation
66
Wilson - high taxation paid for ... increase in pension rates, Invalid Care Allowance Act ... & Universal Child Benefit Act ...
25%
1975
1975
67
(I think from 1918) after initial slump GDP inc ... in period to ..., exports inc ... in period to ... & begun to recover from global depression by ...
over 40%
1939
~2/3
1929
1931
68
(inter-war) cotton & mining lost ... workforce
1/3
69
gov cut spending ... 1918-20 & raised interest rates to ...
75%
7%
70
(20s, Baldwin & Churchill) unemp ... ... & ... among shipbuilders & ... in iron industry
above 1mil
1924-29
60%
40%
71
Great Dep = B's exports declined by ..., unemp ... by ...
50%
2.5mil
1930
72
National Economy Act ... = cut public sector pay ... & 'means test' for unemp assistance
1931
10%
73
(Great Dep recovery) removed Gold Standard ....
1931
74
Nat Gov followed cheap money policy & cut interest rates from ... to ...
6%
2%
75
(Great Dep recovery) unemp fell from ... to ... by ... & real wages increased ... on average
17%
8%
19%
76
LG increased taxes every year ... = in total increased by ...
1918-22
30%
77
... LG appointed a ... led by ... -> 'Geddes Axe' = ... budget implemented ... of cuts
1921
Commission on National Expenditure
Sir Eric Geddes
1922
over £87mil
78
(post-WWI) by ... unemp = ... = ... workers particularly high in traditional industrialised areas ...
1921
12%
2mil
Wales & Tyneside
79
(post-WWI) cost of living rose ... ...
25%
1918-20
80
(post-WWI) gov. raised interest rates to ... to attract foreign investors
7%
81
Baldwin & Chancellor Churchill reintroduced 'Gold Standard' in ... - increased value of £ to pre-war ... (only ... in ...)
April 1925
$4.86
$3.81
1919
82
Baldwin introduced series of tariffs in ...
1925
83
unemp above ... 1924-29 - ... among shipbuilders & ... for workers in iron industry
1mil
60%
40%
84
WSC ... = B exports fell by ... & unemp soared to ...
1929
25%
2.5mil
85
(Great Dep) unemp never below ... & ... working pop in early 30s, B's exports declined by ...
1mil
~20%
50%
86
(Great Dep) unemp rose from ... ... to ... ... & B econ shrank ...
1mil
1929
2.5mil
1930
5%
87
Nat Gov devalued £ (from ... to ...) in ...
$4.80
$3.40
1931
88
by 1939 industrial production had risen by ... & exports increased by ...
46%
28%
89
unemp fell from ... to ... by 1939
17%
8%
90
(Nat Gov, recovery from Great Dep) real wages increased by ... on average
19%
91
(Nat Gov) followed ... & cut interest rates from ... to ... -> in ... extra ... borrowers buying homes compared to in ...
'cheap money policy'
6%
2%
1937
half mil
1930
92
(Nat Gov) ... ... new homes built -> construction industry provided ... all new jobs created in 30s (don't bother learning)
1931-36
705,000
1/3
93
econ growth of ... per year ... (30s)
4%
1934-39
94
(Attlee) ... of all state assets nationalised - Coal ..., Bank of England ..., Transport ..., Electricity & Gas ... & Iron & Steel ...
20%
1946
1946
1947
1947
1949
95
unemp below ... 1945-51
2%
96
(Attlee) exports grew by ... by ... & B percentage of world trade increased from ... to ... = fuelled job creation
80%
1951
17%
20%
97
inflation fell from ... to ... by 1951 & GDP grew by ...
16%
9%
3%
98
(Attlee) production grew by ...
30%
99
(Attlee) ... negotiated ... loan from US in ... = used by Chancellor ... to fuel industrial recovery & pay for nationalisation
John Maynard Keynes
$3.75bn
1946
Hugh Dalton
100
(Attlee) £ devalued from ... to ...
$4.03
$2.80
101
(Attlee) exports grew by ... & B econ grew by ... every year after ...
80%
4%
1948
102
(Attlee) bill for nationalisation ... but Marshall Aid funding ...
£2bn
£2.7bn
103
1951: B investment in infrastructure ... of GDP compared to ... in Germany
9%
20%
104
(Attlee) created ... & ... to help trade unions, gov & employers work together but no enforcement powers
Central Economic Planning Staff
Economic Planning Board
105
(Attlee) (defence spending increased from ... to ...) - still spending ... GDP on defence by 1951
£2.3bn
£4.7bn
14%
106
(Attlee) maintained large standing army of ..., active commitment to supporting US in Cold War & international involvement e.g. ... & ...
1mil
Greek Civil War
Korean War
107
... = period of growing affluence in which B public had 'never had it so good'
Macmillan
108
Macmillan initiated 'cheap money' policy in ...
1958
109
by end of 50s Japan had experienced ... growth, Germany ... growth, B ...
12%
5.1%
just over 2.3%
110
Macmillan borrowed ... from IMF
£174mil
111
B known as 'sick man of Europe' in ...
1964
112
Wilson encouraged modernisation through new ...
Industrial Reorganisation Committee
113
... needed ... loan = Wilson financed via increased taxes
Leyland Motors & British Motor Corporation
£25mil
114
Wilson advocated for ... of much needed modernisation in B industry
'white heat'
115
1964 = ... strikes formed of ... workers -> average wage increase of ... per year (under Wilson)
2,251
1mil
8%
116
(Wilson) ... created to regulate pay settlements given to unions
National Board on Prices & Incomes (NBPI)
117
(Wilson) devalued £ from ... to ..., reduced strength by ... causing divisions within party
$2.80
$2.40
14%
118
Heath axed ... & ... & introduced sweeping tax cuts known as ... = first budget cuts of ...
Industrial Reorganisation Committee
NBPI
'Barber Boom'
over £330mil
119
(Heath) inflation skyrocketed to ... by 1972
15%
120
(Heath) nationalised Rolls Royce ...
1971
121
(Heath) unemp rose from ... in 50s to ... in ... -> ... unemp at ... highest figure since Dep in 30s
2%
6%
1972
1974
628,000
122
... ... working days lost to strikes & Miners' Strike ... = pay rise of ...
1974
14mil
1974
21%
123
by end of Heath's time in office inflation ..., unemp increasing rapidly & value of £ dropped from ... to ...
16%
$2.00
$1.57
124
(in 40 years leading up to WWI B's industrial growth averaged just ... = half US's growth)
2.3%
125
(by 1910 B industrial exports fallen to ... total world trade compared to ... Germany & ... US)
10%
20%
40%
126
(workforce: electrical appliances inc ..., construction industry ... & service & leisure ...)
over 100%
33%
40%
127
(by ... B producing ... tonnes steel per year but Am producing ...)
1937
83,000
210,000
128
union membership ... 1914, ... 1918
4mil
8mil
129
(Red Clydeside Glasgow = ... demonstrators in ...)
90,000
George Square
130
Railway Strike ... led by ...
1919
National Union of Railwaymen (NUR)
131
Miners' Strike ... led by ...
1921
Miners' Federation of GB
132
... working days lost to strikes in 1919 & ... in 1921
32mil
84mil
133
General Strike ... - leader of MFGB ...
1926
Arthur Cook
134
(post-WWI) Japan began to supply ... with ... -> collapse textile industry in ...
India & Asia
cotton & silk
northwest
135
(post-WWI) B. exported ... tons of coal in ..., only ... in ...
100mil
1913
87mil
1921
136
by 1921 unemp ..., & ... increase in cost of living
12%
25%
137
Sankey Commission ... -> ... ignored -> mining wages slashed ... on average, ... in some parts of Wales
1919
1921
30%
49%
138
Samuel Commission ... proposed ... pay cut -> TUC called on ... workers to strike in sympathy
1926
13%
3mil
139
by mid-1920s unemp in shipbuilding industry ..., iron & steel ... & coal mining ...
60%
49%
41%
140
Black Friday ... destroyed unity shown by powerful triple alliance
1921
141
(after Gen Strike) ... affiliated members left ...
over 500,000
1925-27
142
(after Gen Strike)average ... days lost ... -> ... ...
28mil
1919-25
just over 3mil
1927-39
143
1964: ... strike action called without prior approval of union leaders
90%
144
... ... led by demanded ... pay increase, went on strike intending to shut down electricity supply -> won ... pay increase
1971
National Union of Miners (NUM)
43%
27%
145
by late 60s ... unemp
over 1mil
146
throughout 60s industrial workers paid ... less than manufacturing
3%
147
Macmillan created ... (NEDDY) & ... (NICKY)
National Economic Development Council
National Incomes Commission
148
(Heath) Industrial Relations Act ... = striking workers could be ordered back to work or arrested
1971
149
... imposed ... pay cap on wage increased -> waves of strikes in 'Winter of Discontent ... -> forced to give public sector workers ... pay increase
Callaghan
5%
1978-79
11%
150
(50s/60s/70s) mining & industrial wages ... lower than manufacturing
3%
151
throughout 60s ... coal pits closed & ... miners made redundant
400
420,000
152
unemp ... by 1972
1mil
153
car industry employed ... people in 50s & 60s
over 500,000
154
average pay for factory workers doubled ... to ... & again by ... to ...
1950
1960
1970
£30/week
155
with overtime taken into account average wages rose ... 1950-70
130%
156
... women married when teenagers in 60s & most women gave birth to first child in first ... of marriage
almost 1/3
3 years
157
until ... most wc girls left school at ... & those who stayed on tended to take classes in ...
1972
15
secretarial skills, childcare or hairdressing
158
only ... doctors & lawyers women in 60s
15%
159
Equal Pay Act ... voluntary until ... & ... employers claimed women & men did 'different work'
1970
1975
80%
160
Sex Discrim Act ...
1975
161
by 1979 women paid ... average man's wage
~60%
162
General Strike ... - MFGB led by self-confessed Marxist ... TUC announced strike for ... but all except miners stopped on ...
1926
Arthur Cook
3rd May
12th May
163
Gen Strike 1925 gov prepared with OMS = ...
Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies
164
following General Strike, ... miners made unemp & gov passed Trades Disputes Act ...
30%
1927
165
average ... working days lost to strikes each year in 60s
3mil
166
Miners' Strike ... led by Marxist ..., at peak ... miners picketing at ... sites gov forced to introduce 'three-day week'
1971
40,000
500
