Theme 1 Flashcards
International tourists
tourists coming from abroad
Secondary spending
the money that visitors spend on secondary products and services during their visit
Domestic Tourism
is people travelling within their country
Tourism
the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional reasons
Visitors
People engaging in tourism
Day visitors
Visitors whose travel does not include an overnight stay
Tourism product
Includes a number of categories
-accommodation, hospitality, transport,guided tours, tourist guides, travel agencies, other reservation services, cultural services- museums, sports and recreational services, retail
Travel trade
it is a third party to book trips that acts a bridge between visitors and tourism products
inbound tourism
these are people who enter a country to visit for tourism purposes
outbound tourism
tourists who are leaving their own country to visit another for the purposes of tourism
Visit Britain- visit England
public organisation for tourism in Britain
visit Wales
public organisation for tourism in Wales
visit Scotland
public organisation for tourism in Scotland
Northern Ireland tourist board
public organisation for tourism in northern ireland
sustainable tourism
Sustainable tourism is an industry committed to making a low impact on the environment and local culture, while helping to generate future employment for local people - ecotourism, national parks
What are the different types of travel?
Day trips, leisure travel, corporate/business, specialist travel, visiting friends or family
leisure travel
Tourists travelling for their own pleasure and enjoyment or to take a relaxing holiday
Reasons for leisure travel
special interest - hen and stag parties
special event - football match in another city
Package holidays
holidays planned by tourists themselves
cruises
seasonal events - festival or sporting events
What is a short break?
this is a common form of leisure travel which includes city breaks to destinations such as London/Paris or a countryside break in a rural location - Peak District
Reasons for corporate travel
Attending meeting or conference
Attending training or to deliver training
To work in another geographical location for a while to work on a short term contract
Incentive travel
Incentive travel
A trip or holiday that is given to an employee for reaching their targets or for extremely goof performance in their job
What is Specialist travel?
Tourists that are travelling for a particular reason
- to participate in a sport or to go on a specific kind of holiday. E.g. honeymoon
Some travel and tourism organisations operate in highly specific markets to provide for some of these specialist customers.
Reasons for specialist travel
Adventure health education heritage or culture gap year conservation sustainable tourism or responsible travel special interests or hobbies wedding and honeymoons
Visiting friends or relatives VFR
Usually leisure travellers staying overnight with friends or family
- may also be visiting the area for business purposes but choose to stay with family/friends to save money or to meet up
- can be domestic, inbound or outbound
- VFR tourists tend to stay longer in comparison to other types
Day trips
Don’t include an overnight stay
-information about the number, value and types of day visitor is given in the Great Britain Day Visits Survey
Reasons for day trips
Visiting a city to go shopping or for an event
Going to a visitor attraction
Going to the countryside for relaxation or for actives
Different types of customers
Family couple/individual groups customer with specific needs corporate travellers
Individuals/couples as customers
someone travelling alone or with another person
An individual may require a single room and might have to pay a supplement for this
may want to join tours or activities with other people at some point or may prefer their own company
Families - customers
Family size can facet what they can do on holiday
Single parent family with young children will have different requirements to an extended family with teens
Different generations on holiday = different interests
May require entertainment = babysitting, kids clubs
Groups - customers
School groups, special interest groups, friends
Some may have similar needs but groups are made up of individuals all with different needs
Corporate travellers - customers
Profitable customers
Travel at peak times
Require convenience and comfort so ready to work when arrive
Expenses are paid by customers company - may be less concerned about getting best value for money
expect business services on transport and hotel
Many organisations used approved corporate travel providers to ensure they get the best deal
Customers with specific requirements - Customers
Different languages and cultures mobility problems hearing visual impairment medical conditions
Trip
the estimated number of tourism trips made by adults aged 16 and over with no upper age limit - must consist of one night stay
Bednights
The estimated number of nights spent away from home by adults and children
trips x duration of each trip
Spend
estimated expenditure incurred relating to all tourism trips
Costs incurred in advance of trip, during and after
When a single trip includes a night spend in more than one location, the amount spent on that trip is allocated according to the proportion of nights spent in each location
All tourism
Any overnight trip away from home for at least one night within GB for any purpose
Holiday
main purpose is claimed by the respondent as being to visit for pleasure or leisure
GBTS
The great British tourism survey - a national consumer survey measuring the volume and value of domestic overnight tourism trips taken by residents in GB, and provides detailed information about trip and visitor characteristics.
Private business
- Most tourism business in private sector
- owned by private individuals and companies
- part of economy that is not under governmental control
- aims is profit maximisation
- commercial companies
- staffed by paid employees
- if fail to make profit, may cease trading
Aims of a private business
- increase market share
- increase turnover
- sell more products/services
- improve public image
- diversify products or services
Individual/sole trader
Run and owned by one self employed individual
Unlimited reliability
If company goes bankrupt, individual loses money invested and personal belongings
Private limited company
Owned by shareholders - can be bought and sold with permission from Directors
Limited liability
don’t offer shared to public
accounts have to be reported to companies house but not published to the public
Public limited company
owned by shareholders
listed on stock exchange - shares can be bought and sold by public
shareholder are paid dividend from businesses profit
Public organisations
owned by and funded by government
funds from central government through DCMS, lottery funding and local government
Staffed by paid employees, civil servants, DCMS and volunteers
Public organisations aims
to provide value for the funding they receive to the public
need to make enough money to break even
any profit is re-invested back into the organisation
Voluntary organisations
Mainly charities
Funding from government grants, donations, legacies, entry fees, gift shops
large organisations have paid staff but mostly volunteers
registered charities are regulated by the Charity Commission and exists for the benefit of others rather than profit
Main aims of voluntary organisations
Promoting arts, culture, heritage or science
Preserving the environment or features of the landscape
ensuring sustainability
Campaigning against threats
educating visitors
preventing or relieving poverty in tourist destinations and promoting community development
Example of a voluntary organisation
National Trust
Where do voluntary organisations receive funding from?
Government grants
donations from the public including legacies
entry fees paid by visitors to their attractions and purchases made in their visitor shops
What kind of jobs do voluntary organisations offer?
Large voluntary organisations usually have paid staff
rely on many volunteers who enjoy promoting the values of the organisation or sharing their love of heritage in their spare time
Tangible product or service
Something that can be handled and touched, such as reserving a seat on a bus
Intangible product or service
Something that is not a physical object and cannot be handled such as a safe and enjoyable journey
Key sectors in the travel and tourism industry
- Informational and promotional service providers
- transport principles
- transport hubs and gateways
- tour operators
- travel agents
- visitor attractions
- accommodation
- trade associations
- government departments
- regulatory bodies
Transport principles
Organisations that provide customers with transport between destinations in a safe and efficient manner
Airlines
- The main service that airlines provide is safe transport from one airport to another
- Short, medium and long haul
How has air travel increased?
Before the 1950s it was luxury and extremely expensive
Due to an increase in demand and competition, airlines started to bring in new levels of speed, comfort and efficiency to appease customers.
Low cost airlines in Europe
are short haul, varying from 2-5 hours
Short haul flights
under 1500km - Edinburgh to Dublin
Medium haul flights
1500km - 3500km - Manchester to Marrakesh
Long haul flights
over 3500km - London to New York
CAA
The Civil Aviation Authority
How does the CAA define short, medium, long haul flights?
By distance
Two main type airline
Scheduled and charter
Charter airline
- Own and operate aircraft that are rented by other organisations such as tour operators
- May be contracted for a specific holiday season
- Run to a set timetable set by the operator
- Aim to fill every seat on the contracted aircraft
- Each seat forms part of the customer’s holiday package
- Many major tour operators own their own charter airlines
- TUI own TUI airways
Scheduled airline
- Run to a regular timetable that is only changes for the winter or summer seasons
- These flights depart even if not all seats have been booked
All Uk airlines are…
privately owned
Different ticket classes on airlines
Economy - includes a baggage allowance included in the price of the ticket
Premium economy- wider seats with more legroom, a cushion and a blanket
Business - wider seats that concert into a bed, private departure lounge, priority boarding
First - personal ‘suite’ with a seat that connects into a luxury bed, luxury dining, pyjamas and toiletries
Low cost airlines
- Are scheduled airlines that do not offer different types of service on their flights.
- Aim to keep their costs as low as possible so they can offer cheap fares
- Doesn’t offer luxury services like BA
- Offers extra services at additional cost to the customer such as extra legroom, priority boarding and food
Examples of low cost airlines
EasyJet, Ryanair
Ferries
Provide safe transport for customers and their luggage between ports or ferry terminals
Common characteristics for ferries
Leisure travel Families Emphasise affordability One destination to another Allow travellers to take cars and luggage UK to neighbouring countries or islands
Examples of ferry operators
P&O cruises, DFDS seaways, Brittany Ferries
Cruises
Journeys taken by ship for pleasure and relaxation, rather than as a method of transport from on specific port to another
- the holiday destination is the cruise itself.
- usually stops at several different ports so that passengers can go on day trips in different coastal towns and cities.
Products and services cruises offer
On-board entertainment
activities
food and drink usually on an all inclusive - basis
Examples of cruise companies
TUI operates six cruise ships under the brand Marbella. Its an all inclusive cruises are targeted at the family market
Popularity of cruise ships
- Becoming more popular
- in 2016 there were 1.9million ocean cruise passengers from the UK
- Increasing in popularity due to the growth of cruises starting from ports in the UK
Different types of cruises
‘fly’ cruises
River cruises
What is a fly cruise?
where a passenger flies to a port in another country to start their cruise from there rather than from their home country
Buses
- Most are privately owned
- Aim to make profit, they concentrate on profitable routes, which means they can stop operating in less popular rural services
- Tourists are most likely to use buses for transport within large cities
Buses used for tourists
- A convenient way of seeing the sights of a large city or a rural area.
- tourist bus companies operate in cities around the world while others focus on rural areas that are popular with tourists
- not only provide transport but inform tourists about the city or the area they are visiting
Examples of bus operators
City - City Sightseeing
Rural - minibus tours in Lake District
Coach operators
- Have adapted their products to meet consumers changing needs, so coaches today are luxurious
- can be used from one place to another or as an integral part of a holiday
- travelling via coach can be very affordable
What are ‘fly’ coaches?
allow customers to fly to another country and then transfer onto a coach to tour around the country and see the sights
Coach networks in the UK
Extensive coach networks operating in the UK offering scheduled services between towns and also Europe
What is Eurolines?
is part of the National Express an d operated to hundreds of European countries
Products and services of coaches
Coach services are comfortable, providing on-board toilets, refreshments, DVD facilities, regular stops
Hire cars
Offer a wide range of products and services, making car hire easy and convenient for customers.
Examples of hire car businesses
Hertz, Avis, Europcar
Services most hire car offer
Online booking
Airport pick up and drop off
A choice of vehicles
Varying levels of insurance cover
Car ownership in the UK
Risen due to economic prosperity and an increase in population
-most domestic holidays and day trips are taken by car
Advantages and disadvantages of private cars
comfort, good road network, the ability to take everything you might want on the trip
- congestion can build at busy periods
Taxis
Only used for short journeys. They are readily available throughout the UK, fares can vary
Tourists are most likely to use hackney cabs, which are taxis that they can either flag down or pick up from a taxi rank
Rail
Used to travel within a small local area across the country or even to Europe
London rail -TFL
TOC’s - most UK cities run by train-operating companies
Eurostar
The passenger train service through the Channel tunnel. It operates from St Pancreas International in London. Runs between Dover and Calais onto cities in France and Belgium
-when it first opened in 1994 it took a substantial share of the cross channel market, from 1988 the share began to fall due to competition from low-cost airlines
HS1 and HS2
1- London to Dover and is the only high speed rail network in the UK
Plans to develop HS2 to connect the midlands and the. North
Disadvantages of tourists travelling by train
Can find planning trips by train quite complex because of the different operators and a wide variety of fares
Can be expensive - especially at peak times and long journeys
Inbound tourists may struggle to book in advance to take advantage of cheaper fares
Can be made cheaper by using railcards (students and elderly) inbound tourists won’t have this.
Advantages of tourists travelling by train
Many heritage and scenic train journeys which are attractive to tourists
Transport hubs and gateways
- the places where transport principles start and finish
- need to provide travellers with safe access to the different forms of transport, catering, toilets and ticketing services
Examples of transport hubs and gateways
Rail and coach stations, ferry terminals, ports
Transport hubs and gateways services
need to provide travellers with safe access to the different forms of transport, catering, toilets and ticketing services
information to passengers about the available transport services, local and national facilities and attractions
