Theme 1 Flashcards
What are the four main parts to a city
CBD, Inner city, suburbs ( inner suburbs ), rural-urban fringe ( outer suburbs )
Describe the land use in the CBD
High land values, shops, offices, transport routes meets, with high building density and competition for space.
Describe the land use in the Inner city
poorer quality housing (tower block), old industrial buildings, new housing where derelict land has been cleared
Describe the land use in the Suburbs
Housing areas where land is cheaper, middle families living here, less crime and pollution
Describe the land use in the rural-urban fringe
fewer, larger houses, farms
How does the inner city land use differ in some major cities such as France and Italy
there tends to be more wealthier middle class people living there
What main type of issues spawn from urbanisation
social and environmental
cities in richer countires have what problems
shortage of quality housing, run down CBDs, traffic congestion and pollution, ethnic segregation
Name 3 ways housing shortages have been tackled
Urban renewal schemes, New towns, relocation incentives
Describe Urban renewal schemes
This is a government strategies where they encourage investment in housing, services and employment, eg dockland development in Liverpool
Describe New towns ( in context of tackling housing shortages )
New towns house overspill populations from existing towns and cities, Milton-keynes being a good example
Describe relocation incentives
used to encourage people to live in large council houses or live in the city, freeing up houses in urban areas for people such as working families.
Why are some CBDs run down
Out of town shopping centres
what 4 steps are taken to attract people back to CBDs
pedestrianising areas, improving access, converting derelict warehouses and docks, improving public areas
Name an example of government investment for improving the CBD
London docklands
What is the housing tenure like in the CBD
Owner occupied, Privately rented
What is the housing tenure like in the Inner City
Owner occupied, Privately rented, Council rented
What is the housing tenure like in the Inner Suburbs
Owner occupied
What is the housing tenure like in the outer suburbs
Owner occupied, council rented
Housing types in the CBD
Apartments
Housing types in the Inner city
Tower blocks, old terraces, modern town houses
Housing types in inner suburbs
mixed detached and semi-detached housing
Housing types in the outer suburbs
Large detached, tower blocks, low rise
Explain why terraced housing may decrease quality of life
Can be cramped , lack a front garden so child must play in the street
Explain why tower blocks may decrease quality of life
They are cramped, noisy, inconvenient when lifts are broke and means old people struggle getting home, community feel is lost as socialising is restricted
Explain why being closer to the CBD may decrease quality of life
Being close to the CBD means experiencing traffic and therefore more air pollution
Explain why unemployment in the area, IN THE AREA, is bad
Higher chance of people being on the street causing crime
Explain why high level of immigration may decrease quality of life
More strain and pressure on doctors and schools
Explain why this immigration is good
Means that there is multi-ethnic community and diverse culture being more exciting services and things to do
Explain why having detached and semi-detached housing increases quality of life
Children have more safer places to play
Explain why most homes being owned improves quality of life
People dont need to rely on a landlord if there are problems
Explain why being on the edge of a city (london) improves quality of life
Less congestion means less traffic and less air pollution
Explain why fewer people improves quality of life
Less strain on schools, doctors and other services
Explain why more employed people improves quality of life
Less crime
Where is Barcelona situated
North east Spain on the Mediterranean coastline
What part of the city is tower hamlets located
Inner city
What part of London is Havering located
Suburbia
Why might immigrants, immigrate
To improve standard and quality of life
What is meant by standard of life
Quantitative, measures wealth and comfort
What is meant by quality of life
Qualitative, is made up of intangible elements, which can vary from person to person, and usually encompass happiness and self-sufficiency.
Where do most the migrants in Barcelona come from
Muslim nations such as Pakistan and Morocco
Where do the Muslims live in Barcelona
the centre of the city in the ciutat Vela, in an area known as El Ravel
Why do they live in this area (3 reasons)
Because when they move there, they are generally poor, and the accommodation in this area is cheaper. Also there are people of a similar background and they need services to suit them
What services cater specifically to these Muslims (5)
Cinemas and videos rentals specialising in Muslim films, Halal butchers, Places offering cheap international calls, Shops selling clothes suited to their culture, Mosques for them to worship
Why are the mosques all clustered around El Ravel
The muslims are poor and cannot afford to travel long distances
How does richer people having access to transport affect the access to their services
The services the rich people need are not as clustered as they have the transport and means of getting there, eg, country clubs
Corner shops popularly appear in which part of cities
Inner cities
What is the sphere of influence
How far people are willing to travel to reach the service in question
What is a threshold (in the context of theme 1)
The minimum number of people required by a shop to make a profit
What are low order goods
These are things we need to use and buy frequently
What are high order goods
These are things be buy infrequently
Describe the location of Worcester
Worcestershire, West Midlands, UK
20 miles south of Birmingham
River Severn runs through the city
What is the approximate population of Worcester
100,000
Why was the CBD used/visited frequently in past
People living in the inner city could easily walk there
Why was the CBD less popular in the 1990s
Blackpool retail park, meant less traffic to access it, large free car parks, bigger ranges of products in closer area, not affected by weather
How is the CBD being regenerated
Cheap/free parking schemes, new St Martins Gate corner, also just for pedestrians during day to prevent accidents
How does more cars discourage people from shopping in the city (4 reasons)
More air pollution damaging health, more road accidents, air pollution damages buildings, more traffic jams and congestion
What are the solutions to cars discouraging people from shopping in the shopping centre (4)
Improving public transport, encourages people to use it instead of cars; Increasing car parking fees, so people use public transport instead; Bus priority lanes; pedestrianisation
Why is there often ethnic segregation ( 3 reasons )
People prefer to live with people of the same background; people live near services that are important to their culture; people of the same background are often restricted in where they can live
Why is it that some people of the same ethnicity are restricted to where they can live?
Lack of money
What 4 strategies are there to ensure that there is equal access to services
Printing signs, leaflets in multiple languages; Improving communication between all parts of the community; Providing interpreters at places like hospitals; Making sure there are suitable services for different cultures
In what type of nations in urbanisation occurring fastest
LEDCs
Why do poorer people move from rural to urban areas ( 3 reasons )
Theres often a shortage of services, people believe standard of living is better (which in most cases is not) and there are more jobs
Why do richer people move from rural to urban areas ( 2 reasons )
People move from farms to towns for work, people who moved away from the inner city in the later 20th century are no encouraged to move back
What problems does urbanisation arise ( 4 )
lack of housing and jobs, sanitation and transport cannot cope with population size, young population, spontaneous settlements
What are the problems for the country side (Push factors) ( 5 )
aging population, fewer extended families, continued poverty, economic stagnation, little investment
What is a push factor
Things that make people want to leave
What is a pull factor
Things that make people want to move to the place in question
What is counter-urbanisation
the process by which people move away from the major cities to smaller settlements, often villages ( in MEDCs )
What causes forced migration
Natural disasters, war, overpopulating causing lack of resources, discrimination and governmental schemes
What is an emigrant
Someone who leaves a country
What is an immigrant
Someone who enters a country
Push factors for urbanisation
Not enough jobs, lack of investment, few opportunities, lack of food, political fears, modern machinery means fewer farmers needed, poor facilities, crop failure
Pull factors for urbanisation
More jobs, better housing, better services such as schools hospitals, entertainment, longer life expectancy
What is a squatter settlement
Settlements built illegally, predominantly by people who cannot afford proper housing
What are the characteristics of squatter settlements
Badly built, lack basic services, overcrowded
What 3 ways to improve squatter settlements
Self-help schemes, Site and service schemes, local authority schemes
what is meant by self-help scheme (in context of favelas)
Government and the local people working together to improve life where the government can supply materials for better housing
What is meant by site and service schemes (in context of favelas)
People pay a small amount of rent for a site and they can borrow money to buy building materials to build or improve a house on their plot.
What is meant by local authority schemes (in context of favelas)
The local government fund temporary accommodation
Where is Rio De Janeiro
South-east Brazil.
What are the social improvements of the Bairro project ( 3 )
Adult education classes, to improves adult literacy; Daycare centres to look after children while their parents work; services to help people affected by mental issues such as addictions
What are the Economic improvements of the Bairro project ( 3 )
residents can now to legally own their properties; training schemes help people to learn new skills to find better better jobs and get paid more
What are the enviromental improvements of the Bairro project ( 3 )
Replacement of wooden buildings and the removal of homes of dangerous slopes; widening and paving the streets to allow for better access; provision of basic services such as electricity
What are the the push factors of Catinga
disease is widespread ( water borne and insects contain parasites ); medical services are far away; village life hard with little pay; Access to schoosl difficult, literacy rates low
What are the pull factor(s) of Rio De Janeiro
Better employment
What are the negative affects on Catinga of people leaving
Better educated leave, less skills in Catinga, farms are harder to manage with less people, business could close
What are the posiative affects on Catinga of people leaving
Some people benefit from remittances (money sent from Rio)
What are the problems with the favelas in Rio
Rio is overcrowded and there is not enough housing, Crime is very apparent, traffic is spawned often meaning there is severe congestion, lots of pollution bad for peoples health, working illegally in the informal sector pays no tax
Describe the Barra da Tijuca town predicament
A new town 20km up the coast from Rio more wealthy people moved into the next available flat land
Name 5 reasons for counter-urbanisation
Growth in transport and communications means people can live further away; government policies encourage moving out of cities; New out of city business parks mean people can work out of the city; pollution and traffic pushes people away; People move to nicer areas when they retire
Why is counter-urbansisation bad for local people
Local become more isolated losing community spirit
What effects does development in the rural-urban fringe have
More traffic here, People living there may feel extra housing and buildings ruin area, farmers may be forced to sell their land, Wildlife habitats can be destroyed
Why might people want to live in villages and commute to work in urban areas
Nicer environment, less crime, pollution and noise
What is a commuter village
One that has many commuters
Where is ambleside
Is a small town in the lake district national park.
Why is ambleside so accessible to tourists
It is 30km from the M6
Why is tourism good
Tourism provides jobs and businesses, ensures roads and public services are maintained
Why does traffic congestion pose a problem to the local people of ambleside ( although apply elsewhere )
Traffic congestion means commutes are long, and parking is even more difficult, tourists block the roads, pedestrians find it difficult to walk around roads and it is less enjoyable when there are fumes and lots of noise
What are the solutions to traffic in ambleside
One way system in ambleside installed. Tourists encouraged to use public transport and take walks
Why do second homes pose a problem to the local people of ambleside ( although apply elsewhere )
They prevent locals to afford their own homes, meaning they must move away
What are the solutions to second homes in ambleside
Increase of council tax on homes whihc are only used fro a few weeks or rented out
Why does too many people pose a problem to the local people of ambleside ( although apply elsewhere )
Walking on popular walks may cause footpath erosion
What are the solutions too many people in ambleside
people encouraged to use different routes and old paths paved
Why does seasonal tourism pose a problem to the local people of ambleside ( although apply elsewhere )
This means high unemployment in seasons such as winter
What are the solutions seasonal tourism in ambleside
Encourage hotels to offer cut prices in winter and council pays for Christmas lights
Why is lake windermere a problem
There are many different groups of people wanting to use the lake for different reasons
What are the solutions to the lake winderemere predicament
divide the lake into zones
Why is disruption to farmers a problem
tourists leave gates open meaning sheep may wander about
what are the solution(s) to disruption to farmers
raise awareness of the problem using signs
