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THE VERTEBRATE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

_______ have a ventral muscular heart that pumps blood into a closed system of blood vessels

A

VERTEBRATES

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2
Q

smallest blood vessels that have very thin walls that permit exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid

A

CAPILLARIES

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3
Q

the vertebrate circulatory system consists of these five, and associated organs such as these three

A 
HEART, 
BLOOD VESSELS, 
BLOOD, 
LYMPH, 
LYMPH VESSELS

THYMUS,
SPLEEN
LIVER

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4
Q

EIGHT FUNCTIONS OF THE VERTEBRATE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

A
  • transports nutrients from digestive system or storage to cells
  • transports oxygen from respiratory structures to cells
  • transports metabolic wastes from cells to excretory organs
  • transports hormones from endocrine glands to target tissues
  • helps maintain fluid balance
  • helps distribute metabolic heat and maintain body temperature
  • helps maintain appropriate pH
  • defends the body against invading microorganisms
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5
Q

4 COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

A

PLASMA
ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)
LEUKOCYTES (WBC)
THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS)

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6
Q

this component of blood consists of ~92% water, 7% proteins, salts and transported materials

A

PLASMA

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7
Q

these help regulate distribution of fluid between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

PLASMA PROTEINS

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8
Q

FIVE COMMON PLASMA PROTEINS

A 
FIBRINOGEN
GLOBULINS
ALBUMINS
IMMUNOGLOBINS (ANTIBODIES)
APOLIPOPROTEINS
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9
Q

this plasma protein is involved in clotting

A

FIBRINOGEN

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10
Q

THREE TYPES OF GLOBULINS

A

ALPHA
BETA
GAMMA

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11
Q

these type of globulins are transport proteins, they serve as substrates upon which other substances are formed, and perform other diverse functions

A

ALPHA and BETA GLOBULINS

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12
Q

these type of globulins have a vital role in natural and acquired immunity to infection

A

GAMMA GLOBULINS

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13
Q

these type of globulins are involved in osmotic balance, pH buffering

A

ALBUMINS

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14
Q

FOUR COMPONENTS OF PLASMA

A

WATER
IONS (BLOOD ELECTROLYTES)
PLASMA PROTEINS
SUBSTANCES TRANSPORTED BY BLOOD

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15
Q

FOUR SUBSTANCES TRANSPORTED BY BLOOD

A

NUTRIENTS
WASTE PRODUCTS
RESPIRATORY GASES
HORMONES

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16
Q

these type of plasma proteins are involved in defense

A

IMMUNOGLOBINS (ANTIBODIES)

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17
Q

these type of plasma proteins are involved in lipid transport

A

APOLIPOPROTEINS

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18
Q

component of plasma that is involved in osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability

A

IONS (BLOOD ELECTROLYTES)

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19
Q

the solvent of plasma

A

WATER

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20
Q

these are highly specialized for transporting oxygen

A

ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)

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21
Q

in mammals, the RBC nucleus is ______ – each RBC is a flexible, biconcave disc with an elastic internal framework

A

EJECTED

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22
Q

these are produced in red bone marrow of vertebrae, ribs, breastbone, skull bones, and long bones

A

ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)

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23
Q

where are ERYTHROCYTES (RBC) produced?

A

in red bone marrow of vertebrae, ribs, breastbone, skull bones, and long bones

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24
Q

as an RBC develops, it produces large quantities of _______

A

HEMOGLOBIN

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25
a human RBC lives about how many days?
120 days
26
old RBCs are removed from circulation by these cells in the liver and spleen
PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
27
PHAGOCYTIC CELLS are found where?
in the LIVER and SPLEEN
28
new RBCs are produced in __________, regulated by the _______________ hormone
bone marrow; | ERYTHROPOIETIN
29
ANEMIA may be caused by: (3)
1. loss of blood from hemorrhage or internal bleeding; 2. decreased production of hemoglobin or red blood cells; or 3. increased rate of RBC destruction
30
these defend the body against harmful bacteria or other microorganisms
LEUKOCYTES (WBC)
31
these are amoeba-like cells in our blood capable of independent movement
LEUKOCYTES (WBC)
32
some of these cells slip through the walls of blood vessels and enter the tissues
LEUKOCYTES (WBC)
33
TWO KINDS OF LEUKOCYTES
GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES | AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES
34
these type of leukocytes have large, lobed nuclei and distinctive granules in their cytoplasm
GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES
35
THREE GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES
NEUTROPHILS EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS
36
these kind of granular leukocyte are phagocytic cells that ingest bacteria and dead cells; granules contain digestive enzymes
NEUTROPHILS
37
these kind of granular leukocyte contain lysosomes with enzymes that degrade cell membranes of parasitic worms and protozoa
EOSINOPHILS
38
these kind of granular leukocyte release histamine and heparin
BASOPHILS
39
these type of leukocytes lack granules; their nuclei are rounded or kidney-shaped
AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES
40
TWO AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES
LYMPHOCYTES | MONOCYTES
41
these kind of agranular leukocyte fight infections; some produce antibodies; others directly attack invaders such as bacteria or viruses
LYMPHOCYTES
42
these kind of agranular leukocyte are phagocytes that migrate from blood into tissues during an infection; they differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
MONOCYTES
43
most vertebrates other than mammals have these for blood clotting
THROMBOCYTES
44
these are tiny spherical or disc-shaped fragments of cytoplasm pinched off from large bone marrow cells
THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS)
45
enumerate the FOUR STEPS OF RESPONSE TO BLOOD VESSEL INJURY
1. injury to blood vessel occurs 2. wall of vessel contracts 3. platelets adhere to collagen fibers of damages vessel wall 4. more permanent clot forms
46
how do PLATELETS induce CLOTTING?
> damaged cells and platelets release substances that activate clotting factors > prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin via Ca2+ > thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads or clot via another Ca2+
47
this blood cell type consists of 5,000 to 10,000 cells per pL (mm^3) of blood
LEUKOCYTES (WBC)
48
this blood cell type consists of 250,000 to 400,000 cells per pL (mm^3) of blood
PLATELETS
49
this blood cell type consists of 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 cells per pL (mm^3) of blood
ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)
50
vertebrates have THREE MAIN TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS:
ARTERIES CAPILLARIES VEINS
51
these blood vessels carry blood away from the heart
ARTERIES
52
ARTERIES divide into many smaller branches called __________ which lead to capillaries
ARTERIOLES
53
these are microscopic vessels that form networks which exchange materials between blood and tissues
CAPILLARIES
54
these blood vessels carry blood back toward the heart
VEINS
55
the smaller veins found near capillary beds are called _________
VENULES
56
the walls of arteries or veins have THREE LAYERS:
INNER LINING MIDDLE LAYER OUTER LAYER
57
the INNER LINING of a blood vessel is composed of what
the ENDOTHELIUM
58
the MIDDLE LAYER of a blood vessel is composed of what
connective tissue and smooth muscle cells
59
the OUTER LAYER of a blood vessel is composed of what
connective tissue rich in elastin and collagen fibers
60
materials are exchanged between blood and interstitial fluid through ___________--
CAPILLARY WALLS
61
these muscle in ARTERIOLE WALLS can constrict (VASOCONSTRICTION) or relax (VASODILATION), changing arteriole radius
SMOOTH MUSCLE
62
SMOOTH MUSCLE in ARTERIOLE WALLS can constrict (___________) or relax (___________), changing arteriole radius
VASOCONSTRICTION; | VASODILATION
63
regulated by the nervous system, these help maintain appropriate blood pressure and control the volume of blood passing to a particular tissue
ARTERIOLES
64
these small vessels directly link arterioles with venules (small veins)
METARTERIOLES
65
CAPILLARIES branch off from ______________ and rejoin them, and also interconnect with one another
METARTERIOLES
66
where a capillary branches from a metarteriole, a ____________ serves as a precapillary sphincter that directs blood
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL
67
these (and smooth muscle in the walls of arteries and arterioles) regulate the blood supply to each organ and its subdivision
PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTERS

BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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