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BIOLOGY > THE VERTEBRATE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE VERTEBRATE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_______ have a ventral muscular heart that pumps blood into a closed system of blood vessels

A

VERTEBRATES

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2
Q

smallest blood vessels that have very thin walls that permit exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid

A

CAPILLARIES

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3
Q

the vertebrate circulatory system consists of these five, and associated organs such as these three

A 
HEART, 
BLOOD VESSELS, 
BLOOD, 
LYMPH, 
LYMPH VESSELS

THYMUS,
SPLEEN
LIVER

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4
Q

EIGHT FUNCTIONS OF THE VERTEBRATE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

A
  • transports nutrients from digestive system or storage to cells
  • transports oxygen from respiratory structures to cells
  • transports metabolic wastes from cells to excretory organs
  • transports hormones from endocrine glands to target tissues
  • helps maintain fluid balance
  • helps distribute metabolic heat and maintain body temperature
  • helps maintain appropriate pH
  • defends the body against invading microorganisms
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5
Q

4 COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

A

PLASMA
ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)
LEUKOCYTES (WBC)
THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS)

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6
Q

this component of blood consists of ~92% water, 7% proteins, salts and transported materials

A

PLASMA

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7
Q

these help regulate distribution of fluid between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

PLASMA PROTEINS

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8
Q

FIVE COMMON PLASMA PROTEINS

A 
FIBRINOGEN
GLOBULINS
ALBUMINS
IMMUNOGLOBINS (ANTIBODIES)
APOLIPOPROTEINS
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9
Q

this plasma protein is involved in clotting

A

FIBRINOGEN

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10
Q

THREE TYPES OF GLOBULINS

A

ALPHA
BETA
GAMMA

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11
Q

these type of globulins are transport proteins, they serve as substrates upon which other substances are formed, and perform other diverse functions

A

ALPHA and BETA GLOBULINS

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12
Q

these type of globulins have a vital role in natural and acquired immunity to infection

A

GAMMA GLOBULINS

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13
Q

these type of globulins are involved in osmotic balance, pH buffering

A

ALBUMINS

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14
Q

FOUR COMPONENTS OF PLASMA

A

WATER
IONS (BLOOD ELECTROLYTES)
PLASMA PROTEINS
SUBSTANCES TRANSPORTED BY BLOOD

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15
Q

FOUR SUBSTANCES TRANSPORTED BY BLOOD

A

NUTRIENTS
WASTE PRODUCTS
RESPIRATORY GASES
HORMONES

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16
Q

these type of plasma proteins are involved in defense

A

IMMUNOGLOBINS (ANTIBODIES)

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17
Q

these type of plasma proteins are involved in lipid transport

A

APOLIPOPROTEINS

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18
Q

component of plasma that is involved in osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability

A

IONS (BLOOD ELECTROLYTES)

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19
Q

the solvent of plasma

A

WATER

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20
Q

these are highly specialized for transporting oxygen

A

ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)

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21
Q

in mammals, the RBC nucleus is ______ – each RBC is a flexible, biconcave disc with an elastic internal framework

A

EJECTED

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22
Q

these are produced in red bone marrow of vertebrae, ribs, breastbone, skull bones, and long bones

A

ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)

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23
Q

where are ERYTHROCYTES (RBC) produced?

A

in red bone marrow of vertebrae, ribs, breastbone, skull bones, and long bones

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24
Q

as an RBC develops, it produces large quantities of _______

A

HEMOGLOBIN

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25
Q

a human RBC lives about how many days?

A

120 days

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26
Q

old RBCs are removed from circulation by these cells in the liver and spleen

A

PHAGOCYTIC CELLS

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27
Q

PHAGOCYTIC CELLS are found where?

A

in the LIVER and SPLEEN

28
Q

new RBCs are produced in __________, regulated by the _______________ hormone

A

bone marrow;

ERYTHROPOIETIN

29
Q

ANEMIA may be caused by: (3)

A
  1. loss of blood from hemorrhage or internal bleeding;
  2. decreased production of hemoglobin or red blood cells; or
  3. increased rate of RBC destruction
30
Q

these defend the body against harmful bacteria or other microorganisms

A

LEUKOCYTES (WBC)

31
Q

these are amoeba-like cells in our blood capable of independent movement

A

LEUKOCYTES (WBC)

32
Q

some of these cells slip through the walls of blood vessels and enter the tissues

A

LEUKOCYTES (WBC)

33
Q

TWO KINDS OF LEUKOCYTES

A

GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES

AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES

34
Q

these type of leukocytes have large, lobed nuclei and distinctive granules in their cytoplasm

A

GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES

35
Q

THREE GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES

A

NEUTROPHILS
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS

36
Q

these kind of granular leukocyte are phagocytic cells that ingest bacteria and dead cells; granules contain digestive enzymes

A

NEUTROPHILS

37
Q

these kind of granular leukocyte contain lysosomes with enzymes that degrade cell membranes of parasitic worms and protozoa

A

EOSINOPHILS

38
Q

these kind of granular leukocyte release histamine and heparin

A

BASOPHILS

39
Q

these type of leukocytes lack granules; their nuclei are rounded or kidney-shaped

A

AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES

40
Q

TWO AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES

A

LYMPHOCYTES

MONOCYTES

41
Q

these kind of agranular leukocyte fight infections; some produce antibodies; others directly attack invaders such as bacteria or viruses

A

LYMPHOCYTES

42
Q

these kind of agranular leukocyte are phagocytes that migrate from blood into tissues during an infection; they differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells

A

MONOCYTES

43
Q

most vertebrates other than mammals have these for blood clotting

A

THROMBOCYTES

44
Q

these are tiny spherical or disc-shaped fragments of cytoplasm pinched off from large bone marrow cells

A

THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS)

45
Q

enumerate the FOUR STEPS OF RESPONSE TO BLOOD VESSEL INJURY

A
  1. injury to blood vessel occurs
  2. wall of vessel contracts
  3. platelets adhere to collagen fibers of damages vessel wall
  4. more permanent clot forms
46
Q

how do PLATELETS induce CLOTTING?

A

> damaged cells and platelets release substances that activate clotting factors
prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin via Ca2+
thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads or clot via another Ca2+

47
Q

this blood cell type consists of 5,000 to 10,000 cells per pL (mm^3) of blood

A

LEUKOCYTES (WBC)

48
Q

this blood cell type consists of 250,000 to 400,000 cells per pL (mm^3) of blood

A

PLATELETS

49
Q

this blood cell type consists of 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 cells per pL (mm^3) of blood

A

ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)

50
Q

vertebrates have THREE MAIN TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS:

A

ARTERIES
CAPILLARIES
VEINS

51
Q

these blood vessels carry blood away from the heart

A

ARTERIES

52
Q

ARTERIES divide into many smaller branches called __________ which lead to capillaries

A

ARTERIOLES

53
Q

these are microscopic vessels that form networks which exchange materials between blood and tissues

A

CAPILLARIES

54
Q

these blood vessels carry blood back toward the heart

A

VEINS

55
Q

the smaller veins found near capillary beds are called _________

A

VENULES

56
Q

the walls of arteries or veins have THREE LAYERS:

A

INNER LINING
MIDDLE LAYER
OUTER LAYER

57
Q

the INNER LINING of a blood vessel is composed of what

A

the ENDOTHELIUM

58
Q

the MIDDLE LAYER of a blood vessel is composed of what

A

connective tissue and smooth muscle cells

59
Q

the OUTER LAYER of a blood vessel is composed of what

A

connective tissue rich in elastin and collagen fibers

60
Q

materials are exchanged between blood and interstitial fluid through ___________–

A

CAPILLARY WALLS

61
Q

these muscle in ARTERIOLE WALLS can constrict (VASOCONSTRICTION) or relax (VASODILATION), changing arteriole radius

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

62
Q

SMOOTH MUSCLE in ARTERIOLE WALLS can constrict (___________) or relax (___________), changing arteriole radius

A

VASOCONSTRICTION;

VASODILATION

63
Q

regulated by the nervous system, these help maintain appropriate blood pressure and control the volume of blood passing to a particular tissue

A

ARTERIOLES

64
Q

these small vessels directly link arterioles with venules (small veins)

A

METARTERIOLES

65
Q

CAPILLARIES branch off from ______________ and rejoin them, and also interconnect with one another

A

METARTERIOLES

66
Q

where a capillary branches from a metarteriole, a ____________ serves as a precapillary sphincter that directs blood

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL

67
Q

these (and smooth muscle in the walls of arteries and arterioles) regulate the blood supply to each organ and its subdivision

A

PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTERS

BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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