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BIOLOGY > INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES > Flashcards

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

these prevent the entry of pathogens into the body (cuticle, shell, scales, skin, etc.)

A

PHYSICAL BARRIERS

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2
Q

these have mechanisms that expel, trap or destroy pathogens

A

EPITHELIAL LININGS

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3
Q

these linings produce antimicrobial peptides (DEFENSINS), MUCIN from mucus, and LYSOZYME found in tears to destroy foreign materials

A

EPITHELIAL LININGS

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4
Q

epithelial linings produce antimicrobial peptides (_________), _____ from mucus, and _________ found in tears to destroy foreign materials

A

DEFENSINS; MUCIN; LYSOZYME

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5
Q

mucus, tears and urine flush _______ out of the body

A

PATHOGENS

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6
Q

these are PRRs which activate transcription factors that stimulate the expression of important signaling molecules, such as CYTOKINES

A

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRs)

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7
Q

these can recognize both invading pathogens and endogenous danger molecules released from dying cells and damaged tissues and play a key role in linking innate and adaptive immunity

A

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRs)

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8
Q

a large and diverse group of polypeptides and glycoproteins that serves as signaling molecules and perform regulatory functions

A

CYTOKINES

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9
Q

these help regulate the intensity and duration of the immune response as well as cell growth, repair and cell activation

A

CYTOKINES

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10
Q

these bind to membrane receptors on target cells

A

CYTOKINES

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11
Q

_________ affect the cells that produce them while _________ affects nearby cells except its producer cell

A

AUTOCRINE AGENTS;

PARACRINE AGENTS

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12
Q

4 TYPES OF CYTOKINES

A

INTERFERONS
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR
INTERLEUKINS
CHEMOKINES

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13
Q

this type of cytokines responds to viruses or other intracellular parasites and has many types

A

INTERFERONS

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14
Q

2 MAIN TYPES OF INTERFERON

A

TYPE I INTERFERON

TYPE II INTERFERON

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15
Q

this type of interferon is produced by macrophages or fibroblasts, which inhibit viral replication and activate antiviral NK cells

A

TYPE I INTERFERON

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16
Q

this type of interferon stimulates the macrophages to destroy tumors and infected cells

A

TYPE II INTERFERON

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17
Q

this type of interferon activate the transcription of enzymes needed to produce antimicrobial compounds in lysosomes

A

TYPE II INTERFERON

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18
Q

this type of cytokine is released in response to gram-negative bacteria, some pathogens and tumors

A

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR

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19
Q

this type of cytokine is secreted by the MACROPHAGES and T CELLS

A

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR

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20
Q

this type of cytokine stimulates immune cells to initiate inflammatory responses

A

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR

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21
Q

this type of cytokine acts on the hypothalamus and induce fever

A

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR

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22
Q

severe infection results in the release of large amounts of these, resulting to a condition known as SEPTIC SHOCK

A

TNF and CYTOKINES

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23
Q

severe infection results in the release of large amounts of TNF and CYTOKINES, resulting to a condition known as what

A

SEPTIC SHOCK

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24
Q

this type of cytokine is a diverse group of cytokines that are primarily secreted by MACROPHAGES and LYMPHOCYTES

A

INTERLEUKINS

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25
Q

this type of cytokine regulates the interaction between white blood cells and other cells

A

INTERLEUKINS

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26
Q

2 MAIN TYPES OF INTERLEUKINS

A

INTERLEUKIN-1 (IL-1)

INTERLEUKIN-12 (IL-12)

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27
Q

this type of interleukin, together with the TNF, mediate inflammation and can cause fever

A

INTERLEUKIN-1 (IL-1)

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28
Q

this type of interleukin stimulates NK cells and T cells to produce IFN-γ (INTERFERON GAMMA)

A

INTERLEUKIN-12 (IL-12)

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29
Q

this type of cytokine is a large group of cytokines that signal molecules to attract, activate, and guide the various cells of the immune system

A

CHEMOKINES

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30
Q

this type of cytokine regulates the migration of white blood cells from the blood to the tissues

A

CHEMOKINES

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31
Q

this type of cytokine has some of them produced in response to infection and are mediators of the inflammatory response

A

CHEMOKINES

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32
Q

4 DIFFERENT CELLS OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

NEUTROPHILS
MACROPHAGES
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
DENDRITIC CELLS

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33
Q

these cells of the innate immune system are the most common white blood cell

A

NEUTROPHILS

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34
Q

these cells of the innate immune system defend the body by eating (PHAGOCYTOSIS) bacteria

A

NEUTROPHILS

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35
Q

these cells of the innate immune system are large phagocytic cells that developed from MONOCYTES

A

MACROPHAGES

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36
Q

these cells of the innate immune system can patrol the tissues of the body while some stays in one place, such as the alveoli of the lungs

A

MACROPHAGES

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37
Q

these cells of the innate immune system have TLRs (toll-like receptors) that recognize certain PAMPs and when stimulated, prompts the release of CYTOKINES

A

MACROPHAGES

38
Q

MACROPHAGES develop from what cells?

A

MONOCYTES

39
Q

these cells of the innate immune system are large granular lymphocytes that account for about 10% of lymphocytes

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

40
Q

these cells of the innate immune system target the tumor cells and cells that are infected with viruses

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

41
Q

these cells of the innate immune system are flexible as they also destroy cells that are targeted by both innate and adaptive immune responses

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

42
Q

these cells of the innate immune system produce some enzymes that cause pores (PERFORINS) to form in the plasma membrane of the target cell while some injects enzymes that trigger APOPTOSIS

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

43
Q

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS produce some enzymes that cause pores (called _____) to form in the plasma membrane of the target cell while some injects enzymes that trigger __________

A

PERFORINS;

APOPTOSIS

44
Q

several cytokines stimulate these cells’ activity

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

45
Q

which cells’ activity can be suppressed by psychological stress

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

46
Q

these cells of the innate immune system are immune cells that are characterized with long cytoplasmic extensions

A

DENDRITIC CELLS

47
Q

these cells of the innate immune system develop from precursor cells in the bone marrow and from monocytes

A

DENDRITIC CELLS

48
Q

DENDRITIC CELLS develop from ________ in the bone marrow and from _______

A

precursor cells;

monocytes

49
Q

these cells of the innate immune system are found in all tissues that come into contact with the environment

A

DENDRITIC CELLS

50
Q

these cells of the innate immune system are strategically located at areas which are easily accessible by pathogens such as epithelial linings of the digestive tract, respiratory pathways, vaginal and urinal passageways

A

DENDRITIC CELLS

51
Q

these cells of the innate immune system, if activated by PAMPs (when pathogens infect tissues), produce INTERFERONS, an antiviral cytokines, during viral infection

A

DENDRITIC CELLS

52
Q

DENDRITIC CELLS, if activated by PAMPs (when pathogens infect tissues), produce __________, an antiviral cytokines, during viral infection

A

INTERFERONS

53
Q

these cells of the innate immune system, when activated, some capture microbial antigens by PHAGOCYTOSIS or by RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

A

DENDRITIC CELLS

54
Q

o some activated dendritic cells capture microbial antigens by ________ or by __________________

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS;

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

55
Q

this is a system of different proteins (>20 distinct proteins) in the blood that can complement each other, initiating a cascade of reaction that can kill the pathogen and or signal other immune cells

A

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

56
Q

this system activates PHAGOCYTES and guide them towards the pathogen, then the phagocytes secrete cytokines to activate other complement proteins

A

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

57
Q

complement proteins are (SPECIFIC or NONSPECIFIC?)

A

NONSPECIFIC

58
Q

these coat pathogens and act as a signal to macrophages and neutrophils in the complement system

A

LYSED BACTERIA

59
Q

these bind to KEY RECEPTORS to induce the secretion of regulatory molecules and enhance inflammatory response in the complement system

A

LYSED BACTERIA

60
Q

one of the body’s key responses to infection, its clinical characteristics are EDEMA (swelling), heat, redness, and pain

A

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

61
Q

during inflammation, tissues at the site of injury initiates how many different interconnected molecular cascades?

A

three

62
Q

cytokines signal white blood cells to launch this response and help its regulation

A

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

63
Q

when the inflammatory response starts, the __________ is also initiated

A

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

64
Q

this is a common clinical symptom of widespread inflammation, helps the body fight infection

A

FEVER

65
Q

an elevated body temperature increases ___________ and interferes with the _______________ of microorganisms

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS;

growth and replication

66
Q

through this, LYSOSOMES are broken down, destroying virus-infected cells

A

FEVER

67
Q

FEVER breaks down ___________, destroying virus-infected cells

A

LYSOSOMES

68
Q

this promotes the activity of certain lymphocytes

A

FEVER

69
Q

this occurs when homeostatic mechanisms that turn off the inflammatory response do not function appropriately

A

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

70
Q

examples of this are rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease

A

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

71
Q

risk factors of this include prolonged infection, cigarette smoking, and obesity

A

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

72
Q

3 MAIN PROCESSES OF INFLAMMATION

A

VASODILATION
INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS

73
Q

this process of inflammation is the widening of blood vessels

A

VASODILATION

74
Q

this process of inflammation is when MACROPHAGES and MAST CELLS respond rapidly to damaged tissue or infection

A

VASODILATION

75
Q

in VASODILATION, these two cells respond rapidly to damaged tissue or infection

A

MACROPHAGES and MAST CELLS

76
Q

this process of inflammation is when MAST CELLS release HISTAMINE, CYTOKINES, and other compounds that dilate blood vessels in the affected area

A

VASODILATION

77
Q

in VASODILATION, these release HISTAMINE, CYTOKINES, and other compounds that dilate blood vessels in the affected area

A

MAST CELLS

78
Q

this process of inflammation increases blood flow which warms and reddens the skin

A

VASODILATION

79
Q

according to fluid dynamics, if area of the capillary _________, the speed of blood flow decreases if ______ remains constant

A

increases; volume

80
Q

this process of inflammation is when HISTAMINE and other compounds released by MAST CELLS increase CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY

A

INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY

81
Q

this process of inflammation is when fluid and antibodies leave the circulation and enter the tissues

A

INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY

82
Q

in increasing the capillary permeability, as volume of interstitial fluid increases, this occurs

A

EDEMA or swelling

83
Q

in increasing the capillary permeability, these cause the pain that characterizes inflammation

A

EDEMA and the action of certain enzymes in plasma

84
Q

this process of inflammation is when EDEMA and the action of certain enzymes in plasma cause the pain that characterizes inflammation

A

INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY

85
Q

this process of inflammation is when increased blood flow brings large numbers of NEUTROPHILS and other phagocytic cells to the inflamed region

A

INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS

86
Q

increased blood flow brings large numbers of these to the inflamed region

A

NEUTROPHILS and other phagocytic cells

87
Q

this process of inflammation is when PHAGOCYTES migrate out of the capillaries and into the infected tissues

A

INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS

88
Q

this process of inflammation is when MACROPHAGES secrete chemokines and other cytokines that recruit and activate more neutrophils

A

INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS

89
Q

in INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS, these secrete chemokines and other cytokines that recruit and activate more neutrophils

A

MACROPHAGES

90
Q

in INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS, these migrate out of the capillaries and into the infected tissues

A

PHAGOCYTES

91
Q

the process of secreting chemokines and other cytokines by macrophages is a _______ FEEDBACK MECHANISM

A

POSITIVE

92
Q

BRIEFLY NARRATE THE 6 STEPS OF AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

A
  1. bacteria invade tissue and the injury activates factors that turn on pathways that produce molecules that dilate blood vessels
  2. activated macrophages and neutrophils phagocytose bacteria, then macrophages secrete cytokines
  3. activated mast cells release histamine and other compounds
  4. histamine and cytokines dilate blood vessels and increase capillary permeability
  5. cytokines attract phagocytes to the infection site
  6. increased phagocytosis

BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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