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BIOLOGY > THE HUMAN HEART > Flashcards

THE HUMAN HEART Flashcards

1
Q

a hollow, muscular organ consisting mainly of cardiac muscle attached to a framework of collagen fibers

A

HEART

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2
Q

this encloses the heart

A

PERICARDIUM

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3
Q

this covers the inner surface of the pericardium and outer surface of the heart

A

a smooth layer of ENDOTHELIUM

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4
Q

this cavity between the heart and the pericardium is filled with fluid, which reduces friction

A

PERICARDIAL CAVITY

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5
Q

this separates the right atrium and ventricle from the left atrium and ventricle

A

SEPTUM

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6
Q

the portion of the septum that separates the two upper chambers of the heart is termed the _________

A

INTERATRIAL SEPTUM

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7
Q

the portion of the septum that lies between the two lower chambers of the heart is called the _________

A

INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM

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8
Q

the _________ on the interatrial septum is where an opening (called ___________) was located in the fetal heart

A

FOSSA OVALIS;

FORAMEN OVALE

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9
Q

to keep blood from flowing backward, the heart has these that close automatically

A

VALVES

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10
Q

TWO KINDS OF VALVES

A

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

SEMILUNAR VALVES

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11
Q

these valves prevent blood from flowing backward into atria

A

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

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12
Q

this AV VALVE is in between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

RIGHT AV VALVE

or TRICUSPID VALVE

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13
Q

this AV VALVE is in between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

LEFT AV VALVE

MITRAL VALVE or BISCUSPID VALVE

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14
Q

AV VALVES are held in place by _____________ attached to PAPILLARY MUSCLES

A

CHORDAE TENDINEAE

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15
Q

AV VALVES are held in place by CHORDAE TENDINEAE attached to _________

A

PAPILLARY MUSCLES

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16
Q

these valves control exits from heart

A

SEMILUNAR VALVES

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17
Q

this SL VALVE is in between the left ventricle/aorta

A

AORTIC VALVE

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18
Q

this SL VALVE is in between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

A

PULMONARY VALVE

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19
Q

these begin with the muscle itself and can occur independently of any nerve supply

A

CONTRACTIONS OF CARDIAC MUSCLE

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20
Q

these are joined by INTERCALATED DISCS containing GAP JUNCTIONS

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS

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21
Q

CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS are joined by ___________ containing GAP JUNCTIONS

A

INTERCALATED DISCS

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22
Q

CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS are joined by INTERCALATED DISCS containing ____________

A

GAP JUNCTIONS

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23
Q

these move easily through GAP JUNCTIONS, allowing the entire atrial (or ventricular) muscle mass to contract as one giant cell

A

IONS

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24
Q

ions move easily through __________, allowing the entire atrial (or ventricular) muscle mass to contract as one giant cell

A

GAP JUNCTIONS

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25
the ___________ of cardiac muscles are much longer than those of skeletal muscle
ACTION POTENTIALS
26
a specialized ________ ensures that the heart beats in a regular and effective rhythm
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
27
each beat is initiated by the ________, a small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers in the __________
PACEMAKER; | SINOATRIAL NODE
28
the ACTION POTENTIAL in the SA NODE is triggered by what?
the opening of Ca2+ channels
29
each action potential spreads through muscle fibers of both atria, producing what?
ATRIAL CONTRACTION
30
after the SA NODE, a group of fibers conducts the action potential directly to the what?
ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE
31
this delays the impulse briefly so that the atria can finish contracting before the ventricles contract
ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE
32
from AV NODE, action potential spreads into the _________, which send branches into each ventricle
AV BUNDLE
33
after action potential spreads into the AV BUNDLE, ___________ form and conduct impulses to the muscle fibers of ventricles, causing ventricles to contract
PURKINJE FIBERS
34
NARRATE THE PROCESS OF CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
> each beat is initiated by the PACEMAKER, with the ACTION POTENTIAL in the SA NODE being triggered by the opening of Ca2+ channels > each action potential spreads through muscle fibers of both atria, producing ATRIAL CONTRACTION > a group of fibers conducts the action potential directly to the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE, which delays the impulse briefly > from AV NODE, action potential spreads into the AV BUNDLE, which send branches into each ventricle > PURKINJE FIBERS form and conduct impulses to the muscle fibers of ventricles, causing ventricles to contract
35
with this, by placing electrodes on the body surface, a physician can amplify and record the heart’s electrical activity
EKG or ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
36
with EKG or ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, a physician can amplify and record the heart’s _________
ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
37
these provide continuous rhythmic impulses that avoid the block and drive the heartbeat
ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKERS
38
this is represented by one complete heartbeat
THE CARDIAC CYCLE
39
in the cardiac cycle, this is the period of CONTRACTION
SYSTOLE
40
in the cardiac cycle, this is the period of RELAXATION
DIASTOLE
41
what creates the familiar rhythmic heart sound (“lub-dup”)?
heart valves closing
42
in a heartbeat's "lub-dup", the first sound is caused by what?
the closing of the AV VALVES at the beginning of VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
43
in a heartbeat's "lub-dup", the second sound is caused by what?
the closing of the SEMILUNAR VALVES at the beginning of VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE
44
although the heart can beat independently, its rate is regulated by these two systems
the NERVOUS and ENDOCRINE systems
45
________ in the ________ of the brain govern two sets of autonomic nerves that pass to the SA NODE
CARDIAC CENTERS; | MEDULLA
46
these release ACETYLCHOLINE, which slows down the heart
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES
47
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES release ___________, which slows down the heart
ACETYLCHOLINE
48
these release NOREPINEPHRINE, which speeds up the heart and increases the strength of contraction
SYMPATHETIC NERVES
49
SYMPATHETIC NERVES release ___________, which speeds up the heart and increases the strength of contraction
NOREPINEPHRINE
50
this chemical slows the rate of depolarization by increasing the membrane’s permeability to K1
ACETYLCHOLINE
51
this chemical stimulates Ca2+ channel opening during depolarization
NOREPINEPHRINE
52
these chemical binds to BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS, one of the two main types of ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
NOREPINEPHRINE
53
NOREPINEPHRINE binds to __________, one of the two main types of ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
54
BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS is one of the two main types of what?
ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
55
these receptors are targeted by BETA BLOCKERS, drugs that block the actions of norepinephrine on the heart
ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
56
ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS are targeted by _________, drugs that block the actions of norepinephrine on the heart
BETA BLOCKERS
57
how are BETA BLOCKERS used?
they are used clinically in treating hypertension (high blood pressure) and other types of heart disease
58
in response to physical and emotional stressors, the adrenal glands release these chemicals, which speed the heart
EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE
59
what does an elevated body temperature do to our heart rate
if it increases, our heart rate increases as well and vice versa
60
during a fever, the heart may beat more than how many times per minute?
more than 100 bpm
61
this is when the membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the neuron's membrane
HYPERPOLARIZATION
62
this is caused by parasympathetic neurons due to the release of K+ from inside the cardiac muscles
HYPERPOLARIZATION
63
this is when the membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive)
DEPOLARIZATION
64
NARRATE THE FIVE STEPS HOW PARASYMPATHETIC NEURON AFFECT HEART RATE
1. PARASYMPATHETIC NEURON releases acetylcholine 2. ACETYLCHOLINE binds with receptors on plasma membrane of cardiac muscle 3. RECEPTOR activates G PROTEIN 4. G PROTEIN binds with K+ channel, opening it 5. K+ leaves the cell, HYPERPOLARIZING the membrane; ACTION POTENTIALS occur more slowly and heart rate decreases
65
NARRATE THE SIX STEPS HOW SYMPATHETIC NEURON AFFECT HEART RATE
1. SYMPATHETIC NEURON releases norepinephrine 2. NOREPINEPHRINE binds with receptors on the plasma membrane of cardiac muscle 3. RECEPTOR activates G PROTEIN 4. G PROTEIN activates ADENYLYL CYCLASE, which converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP) 5. CYCLIC AMP activates PROTEIN KINASE 6. PROTEIN KINASE phosphorylates Ca2+ channels so that they open more easily when neuron is depolarized; ACTION POTENTIALS occur more rapidly and heart rate increases
66
via the SYMPATHETIC NEURON, a G PROTEIN activates this which converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)
ADENYLYL CYCLASE
67
via the SYMPATHETIC NEURON, a CYCLIC AMP activates this which phosphorylates Ca2+ channels so that they open more easily when neuron is depolarized
PROTEIN KINASE
68
this is the volume of blood one ventricle pumps during one beat which depends mainly on the amount of blood veins deliver to the heart
STROKE VOLUME
69
this law states that if veins deliver more blood to the heart, the heart pumps more blood into the arteries
STARLING’S LAW OF THE HEART
70
increased _______ stretches the cardiac muscles more and they contract with greater force, increasing _________
venous return; | stroke volume
71
this is equivalent to the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle into the aorta in 1 MINUTE
CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
72
the formula for CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
stroke volume x heart rate (BPM)
73
CARDIAC OUTPUT varies with these two factors
STROKE VOLUME or HEART RATE

BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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