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BIOLOGY > THE HUMAN HEART > Flashcards

THE HUMAN HEART Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a hollow, muscular organ consisting mainly of cardiac muscle attached to a framework of collagen fibers

A

HEART

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2
Q

this encloses the heart

A

PERICARDIUM

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3
Q

this covers the inner surface of the pericardium and outer surface of the heart

A

a smooth layer of ENDOTHELIUM

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4
Q

this cavity between the heart and the pericardium is filled with fluid, which reduces friction

A

PERICARDIAL CAVITY

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5
Q

this separates the right atrium and ventricle from the left atrium and ventricle

A

SEPTUM

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6
Q

the portion of the septum that separates the two upper chambers of the heart is termed the _________

A

INTERATRIAL SEPTUM

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7
Q

the portion of the septum that lies between the two lower chambers of the heart is called the _________

A

INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM

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8
Q

the _________ on the interatrial septum is where an opening (called ___________) was located in the fetal heart

A

FOSSA OVALIS;

FORAMEN OVALE

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9
Q

to keep blood from flowing backward, the heart has these that close automatically

A

VALVES

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10
Q

TWO KINDS OF VALVES

A

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

SEMILUNAR VALVES

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11
Q

these valves prevent blood from flowing backward into atria

A

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

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12
Q

this AV VALVE is in between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

RIGHT AV VALVE

or TRICUSPID VALVE

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13
Q

this AV VALVE is in between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

LEFT AV VALVE

MITRAL VALVE or BISCUSPID VALVE

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14
Q

AV VALVES are held in place by _____________ attached to PAPILLARY MUSCLES

A

CHORDAE TENDINEAE

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15
Q

AV VALVES are held in place by CHORDAE TENDINEAE attached to _________

A

PAPILLARY MUSCLES

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16
Q

these valves control exits from heart

A

SEMILUNAR VALVES

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17
Q

this SL VALVE is in between the left ventricle/aorta

A

AORTIC VALVE

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18
Q

this SL VALVE is in between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

A

PULMONARY VALVE

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19
Q

these begin with the muscle itself and can occur independently of any nerve supply

A

CONTRACTIONS OF CARDIAC MUSCLE

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20
Q

these are joined by INTERCALATED DISCS containing GAP JUNCTIONS

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS

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21
Q

CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS are joined by ___________ containing GAP JUNCTIONS

A

INTERCALATED DISCS

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22
Q

CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS are joined by INTERCALATED DISCS containing ____________

A

GAP JUNCTIONS

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23
Q

these move easily through GAP JUNCTIONS, allowing the entire atrial (or ventricular) muscle mass to contract as one giant cell

A

IONS

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24
Q

ions move easily through __________, allowing the entire atrial (or ventricular) muscle mass to contract as one giant cell

A

GAP JUNCTIONS

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25
Q

the ___________ of cardiac muscles are much longer than those of skeletal muscle

A

ACTION POTENTIALS

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26
Q

a specialized ________ ensures that the heart beats in a regular and effective rhythm

A

CONDUCTION SYSTEM

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27
Q

each beat is initiated by the ________, a small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers in the __________

A

PACEMAKER;

SINOATRIAL NODE

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28
Q

the ACTION POTENTIAL in the SA NODE is triggered by what?

A

the opening of Ca2+ channels

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29
Q

each action potential spreads through muscle fibers of both atria, producing what?

A

ATRIAL CONTRACTION

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30
Q

after the SA NODE, a group of fibers conducts the action potential directly to the what?

A

ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE

31
Q

this delays the impulse briefly so that the atria can finish contracting before the ventricles contract

A

ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE

32
Q

from AV NODE, action potential spreads into the _________, which send branches into each ventricle

A

AV BUNDLE

33
Q

after action potential spreads into the AV BUNDLE, ___________ form and conduct impulses to the muscle fibers of ventricles, causing ventricles to contract

A

PURKINJE FIBERS

34
Q

NARRATE THE PROCESS OF CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART

A

> each beat is initiated by the PACEMAKER, with the ACTION POTENTIAL in the SA NODE being triggered by the opening of Ca2+ channels
each action potential spreads through muscle fibers of both atria, producing ATRIAL CONTRACTION
a group of fibers conducts the action potential directly to the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE, which delays the impulse briefly
from AV NODE, action potential spreads into the AV BUNDLE, which send branches into each ventricle
PURKINJE FIBERS form and conduct impulses to the muscle fibers of ventricles, causing ventricles to contract

35
Q

with this, by placing electrodes on the body surface, a physician can amplify and record the heart’s electrical activity

A

EKG or ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

36
Q

with EKG or ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, a physician can amplify and record the heart’s _________

A

ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY

37
Q

these provide continuous rhythmic impulses that avoid the block and drive the heartbeat

A

ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKERS

38
Q

this is represented by one complete heartbeat

A

THE CARDIAC CYCLE

39
Q

in the cardiac cycle, this is the period of CONTRACTION

A

SYSTOLE

40
Q

in the cardiac cycle, this is the period of RELAXATION

A

DIASTOLE

41
Q

what creates the familiar rhythmic heart sound (“lub-dup”)?

A

heart valves closing

42
Q

in a heartbeat’s “lub-dup”, the first sound is caused by what?

A

the closing of the AV VALVES at the beginning of VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

43
Q

in a heartbeat’s “lub-dup”, the second sound is caused by what?

A

the closing of the SEMILUNAR VALVES at the beginning of VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE

44
Q

although the heart can beat independently, its rate is regulated by these two systems

A

the NERVOUS and ENDOCRINE systems

45
Q

________ in the ________ of the brain govern two sets of autonomic nerves that pass to the SA NODE

A

CARDIAC CENTERS;

MEDULLA

46
Q

these release ACETYLCHOLINE, which slows down the heart

A

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES

47
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES release ___________, which slows down the heart

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

48
Q

these release NOREPINEPHRINE, which speeds up the heart and increases the strength of contraction

A

SYMPATHETIC NERVES

49
Q

SYMPATHETIC NERVES release ___________, which speeds up the heart and increases the strength of contraction

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

50
Q

this chemical slows the rate of depolarization by increasing the membrane’s permeability to K1

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

51
Q

this chemical stimulates Ca2+ channel opening during depolarization

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

52
Q

these chemical binds to BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS, one of the two main types of ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

53
Q

NOREPINEPHRINE binds to __________, one of the two main types of ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

A

BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

54
Q

BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS is one of the two main types of what?

A

ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

55
Q

these receptors are targeted by BETA BLOCKERS, drugs that block the actions of norepinephrine on the heart

A

ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

56
Q

ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS are targeted by _________, drugs that block the actions of norepinephrine on the heart

A

BETA BLOCKERS

57
Q

how are BETA BLOCKERS used?

A

they are used clinically in treating hypertension (high blood pressure) and other types of heart disease

58
Q

in response to physical and emotional stressors, the adrenal glands release these chemicals, which speed the heart

A

EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE

59
Q

what does an elevated body temperature do to our heart rate

A

if it increases, our heart rate increases as well and vice versa

60
Q

during a fever, the heart may beat more than how many times per minute?

A

more than 100 bpm

61
Q

this is when the membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the neuron’s membrane

A

HYPERPOLARIZATION

62
Q

this is caused by parasympathetic neurons due to the release of K+ from inside the cardiac muscles

A

HYPERPOLARIZATION

63
Q

this is when the membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive)

A

DEPOLARIZATION

64
Q

NARRATE THE FIVE STEPS HOW PARASYMPATHETIC NEURON AFFECT HEART RATE

A
  1. PARASYMPATHETIC NEURON releases acetylcholine
  2. ACETYLCHOLINE binds with receptors on plasma membrane of cardiac muscle
  3. RECEPTOR activates G PROTEIN
  4. G PROTEIN binds with K+ channel, opening it
  5. K+ leaves the cell, HYPERPOLARIZING the membrane; ACTION POTENTIALS occur more slowly and heart rate decreases
65
Q

NARRATE THE SIX STEPS HOW SYMPATHETIC NEURON AFFECT HEART RATE

A
  1. SYMPATHETIC NEURON releases norepinephrine
  2. NOREPINEPHRINE binds with receptors on the plasma membrane of cardiac muscle
  3. RECEPTOR activates G PROTEIN
  4. G PROTEIN activates ADENYLYL CYCLASE, which converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)
  5. CYCLIC AMP activates PROTEIN KINASE
  6. PROTEIN KINASE phosphorylates Ca2+ channels so that they open more easily when neuron is depolarized; ACTION POTENTIALS occur more rapidly and heart rate increases
66
Q

via the SYMPATHETIC NEURON, a G PROTEIN activates this which converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

ADENYLYL CYCLASE

67
Q

via the SYMPATHETIC NEURON, a CYCLIC AMP activates this which phosphorylates Ca2+ channels so that they open more easily when neuron is depolarized

A

PROTEIN KINASE

68
Q

this is the volume of blood one ventricle pumps during one beat which depends mainly on the amount of blood veins deliver to the heart

A

STROKE VOLUME

69
Q

this law states that if veins deliver more blood to the heart, the heart pumps more blood into the arteries

A

STARLING’S LAW OF THE HEART

70
Q

increased _______ stretches the cardiac muscles more and they contract with greater force, increasing _________

A

venous return;

stroke volume

71
Q

this is equivalent to the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle into the aorta in 1 MINUTE

A

CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)

72
Q

the formula for CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)

A

stroke volume x heart rate (BPM)

73
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT varies with these two factors

A

STROKE VOLUME or HEART RATE

BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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