ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE

Question 1

this type of immunity develops responses to infections and specifically adapt to them

Answer 1

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE

Question 2

this type of immunity’s mechanisms are precisely targeted to destroy specific antigens while committing these mechanisms into memory

Answer 2

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE

Question 3

how long does it take to activate specific immune responses

Answer 3

several days

Question 4

TWO TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE

Answer 4

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Question 5

TWO KEY CELL TYPES IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE

Answer 5

LYMPHOCYTES

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS

Question 6

cells of the innate immune system, such as EOSINOPHILS and PHAGOCYTES, also participate in these specific responses

Answer 6

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE

Question 7

THREE COMMON LYMPHOCYTES

Answer 7

NATURAL KILLER 
(NK) CELLS, 
T LYMPHOCYTES 
(T CELLS), 
B LYMPHOCYTES 
(B CELLS)

Question 8

__________ develop from stem cells in the bone marrow – ______ mature in the thymus gland; ______ complete development in adult bone marrow

Answer 8

ALL LYMPHOCYTES;
T CELLS;
B CELLS

Question 9

these lymphocytes participate in CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Answer 9

T LYMPHOCYTES (T cells)

Question 10

these lymphocytes attack body cells infected by invading pathogens, foreign cells, and cells altered by mutation

Answer 10

T LYMPHOCYTES (T cells)

Question 11

as T cells move through the _____ where they divide and mature, making them _____________, they undergo a ___________

Answer 11

THYMUS;
IMMUNOCOMPETENT;
selection process

Question 12

as these lymphocytes move through the THYMUS where they divide and mature, making them IMMUNOCOMPETENT, they undergo a selection process

Answer 12

T LYMPHOCYTES (T cells)

Question 13

in the selection process, if T cells react to self-antigens, what happens?

Answer 13

APOPTOSIS (NEGATIVE SELECTION)

Question 14

in the selection process, if T cells recognize self-antigens and bind with foreign antigens, what happens?

Answer 14

they will be allowed to mature (POSITIVE SELECTION)

Question 15

most of these lymphocytes differentiate just before birth and during the first few months of postnatal life

Answer 15

T LYMPHOCYTES (T cells)

Question 16

T CELLS are characterized by the _____________, which recognizes specific antigens

Answer 16

T-CELL RECEPTOR (TCR)

Question 17

2 MAIN TYPES OF T CELLS

Answer 17

CYTOTOXIC T (Tc) CELLS or CD8+ CELLS
HELPER T (Tʜ) CELLS or CD4+ CELLS

Question 18

this type of T cell recognizes and destroys cells with foreign antigens on their surfaces

Answer 18

CYTOTOXIC T (Tc) CELLS or CD8+ CELLS

Question 19

this type of T cell secretes cytokines that activate B CELLS, T CELLS, and MACROPHAGES

Answer 19

HELPER T (Tʜ) CELLS or CD4+ CELLS

Question 20

Tʜ CELLS secrete cytokines that activate these 3 cells

Answer 20

B CELLS, T CELLS, and MACROPHAGES

Question 21

these are Tʜ CELLS that regulate immune responses by suppressing functions of certain T CELLS

Answer 21

REGULATORY T CELLS

Question 22

REGULATORY T CELLS regulate immune responses by what

Answer 22

suppressing functions of certain T CELLS

Question 23

these lymphocytes participate in ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Answer 23

B LYMPHOCYTES (B cells)

Question 24

these lymphocytes, as an overview, produce specific antibodies to specific antigens, either neutralizing or marking them for destruction

Answer 24

B LYMPHOCYTES (B cells)

Question 25

these lymphocytes become activated when it encounters an antigen that binds to its receptor, then divide into identical cells which differentiates to PLASMA CELLS

Answer 25

B LYMPHOCYTES (B cells)

Question 26

B cells become activated when it encounters an antigen that binds to its receptor, then divide into identical cells which differentiates to what

Answer 26

PLASMA CELLS

Question 27

these are formed from B cells then produce antibodies that bind to the antigen that activated the B CELL

Answer 27

PLASMA CELLS

Question 28

a type of B CELL that does not differentiate to plasma cells, but instead produce antibodies after the infection

Answer 28

MEMORY B CELL

Question 29

MACROPHAGES, DENDRITIC CELLS, and B CELLS function as what

Answer 29

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)

Question 30

these three cells function as ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)

Answer 30

MACROPHAGES, DENDRITIC CELLS, and B CELLS

Question 31

APCs are inactive until what

Answer 31

their PRRs recognize PAMPs on pathogens

Question 32

when activated, what does the APC do to the pathogens

Answer 32

the APC ingests the pathogens

Question 33

in APCs, these degrade most of the bacterial antigens, then, display some of it on its cell surface in association with a type of self-molecule

Answer 33

LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES

Question 34

activated APC expresses ______________ molecules along with the displayed antigens and present it to _______

Answer 34

costimulatory (signaling);

T CELLS

Question 35

DENDRITIC CELLS that become APCs migrate to the _________ where they activate ________ capable of responding to the antigen

Answer 35

lymph nodes;

T CELLS

Question 36

these cells that become APCs migrate to the lymph nodes where they activate T CELLS capable of responding to the antigen

Answer 36

DENDRITIC CELLS

Question 37

the ability of the immune system to distinguish self from nonself

Answer 37

SELF RECOGNITION

Question 38

these are also known as the HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN COMPLEX (HLA)

Answer 38

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)

Question 39

the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) is also known as what

Answer 39

HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN COMPLEX (HLA)

Question 40

these are polymorphic genes located in the sixth chromosome (human)

Answer 40

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)

Question 41

the MHC has greater than __ alleles per locus and, about _______ alleles have been identified

Answer 41

40; 10,000

Question 42

3 MAJOR TYPES OF MHC

Answer 42

CLASS I MHC
CLASS II MHC
CLASS III MHC

Question 43

this type of MHC are glycoproteins expressed on surface of most nucleated cells

Answer 43

CLASS I MHC

Question 44

this type of MHC are self-antigens that can bind with foreign antigens, and present it to Tc cells and induce immunological responses

Answer 44

CLASS I MHC

Question 45

CLASS I MHC can bind with foreign antigens, forming the what

Answer 45

foreign antigen – Class I MHC complex

Question 46

after the formation of the foreign antigen – Class I MHC complex, what does the CLASS I MHC do

Answer 46

present it to Tc cells and induce immunological responses

Question 47

any infected cell can function as a what

Answer 47

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)

Question 48

this type of MHC are glycoproteins expressed primarily on professional APCs: DENDRITIC CELLS, MACROPHAGES, and B CELLS

Answer 48

CLASS II MHC

Question 49

CLASS II MHC are glycoproteins expressed primarily on these 3 professional APCs

Answer 49

DENDRITIC CELLS, MACROPHAGES,

B CELLS

Question 50

this type of MHC are self-antigens that can bind with foreign antigens, and present it to Tʜ cells, activating the lymphocytes

Answer 50

CLASS II MHC

Question 51

foreign antigen – Class II MHC complex, what does the CLASS II MHC do

Answer 51

present it to Tʜ cells, activating the lymphocytes in the process

Question 52

this type of MHC are genes that encode secreted proteins that are important to the immune response such as the complement system, TNFs, inflammatory molecules, etc.

Answer 52

CLASS III MHC