ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE Flashcards
this type of immunity develops responses to infections and specifically adapt to them
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
this type of immunity’s mechanisms are precisely targeted to destroy specific antigens while committing these mechanisms into memory
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
how long does it take to activate specific immune responses
several days
TWO TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
TWO KEY CELL TYPES IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
LYMPHOCYTES
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
cells of the innate immune system, such as EOSINOPHILS and PHAGOCYTES, also participate in these specific responses
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
THREE COMMON LYMPHOCYTES
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS, T LYMPHOCYTES (T CELLS), B LYMPHOCYTES (B CELLS)
__________ develop from stem cells in the bone marrow – ______ mature in the thymus gland; ______ complete development in adult bone marrow
ALL LYMPHOCYTES;
T CELLS;
B CELLS
these lymphocytes participate in CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
T LYMPHOCYTES (T cells)
these lymphocytes attack body cells infected by invading pathogens, foreign cells, and cells altered by mutation
T LYMPHOCYTES (T cells)
as T cells move through the _____ where they divide and mature, making them _____________, they undergo a ___________
THYMUS;
IMMUNOCOMPETENT;
selection process
as these lymphocytes move through the THYMUS where they divide and mature, making them IMMUNOCOMPETENT, they undergo a selection process
T LYMPHOCYTES (T cells)
in the selection process, if T cells react to self-antigens, what happens?
APOPTOSIS (NEGATIVE SELECTION)
in the selection process, if T cells recognize self-antigens and bind with foreign antigens, what happens?
they will be allowed to mature (POSITIVE SELECTION)
most of these lymphocytes differentiate just before birth and during the first few months of postnatal life
T LYMPHOCYTES (T cells)
T CELLS are characterized by the _____________, which recognizes specific antigens
T-CELL RECEPTOR (TCR)
2 MAIN TYPES OF T CELLS
CYTOTOXIC T (Tc) CELLS or CD8+ CELLS HELPER T (Tʜ) CELLS or CD4+ CELLS
this type of T cell recognizes and destroys cells with foreign antigens on their surfaces
CYTOTOXIC T (Tc) CELLS or CD8+ CELLS
this type of T cell secretes cytokines that activate B CELLS, T CELLS, and MACROPHAGES
HELPER T (Tʜ) CELLS or CD4+ CELLS
Tʜ CELLS secrete cytokines that activate these 3 cells
B CELLS, T CELLS, and MACROPHAGES
these are Tʜ CELLS that regulate immune responses by suppressing functions of certain T CELLS
REGULATORY T CELLS
REGULATORY T CELLS regulate immune responses by what
suppressing functions of certain T CELLS
these lymphocytes participate in ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
B LYMPHOCYTES (B cells)
these lymphocytes, as an overview, produce specific antibodies to specific antigens, either neutralizing or marking them for destruction
B LYMPHOCYTES (B cells)
these lymphocytes become activated when it encounters an antigen that binds to its receptor, then divide into identical cells which differentiates to PLASMA CELLS
B LYMPHOCYTES (B cells)
B cells become activated when it encounters an antigen that binds to its receptor, then divide into identical cells which differentiates to what
PLASMA CELLS
these are formed from B cells then produce antibodies that bind to the antigen that activated the B CELL
PLASMA CELLS
a type of B CELL that does not differentiate to plasma cells, but instead produce antibodies after the infection
MEMORY B CELL
MACROPHAGES, DENDRITIC CELLS, and B CELLS function as what
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)
these three cells function as ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)
MACROPHAGES, DENDRITIC CELLS, and B CELLS
APCs are inactive until what
their PRRs recognize PAMPs on pathogens
when activated, what does the APC do to the pathogens
the APC ingests the pathogens
in APCs, these degrade most of the bacterial antigens, then, display some of it on its cell surface in association with a type of self-molecule
LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES
activated APC expresses ______________ molecules along with the displayed antigens and present it to _______
costimulatory (signaling);
T CELLS
DENDRITIC CELLS that become APCs migrate to the _________ where they activate ________ capable of responding to the antigen
lymph nodes;
T CELLS
these cells that become APCs migrate to the lymph nodes where they activate T CELLS capable of responding to the antigen
DENDRITIC CELLS
the ability of the immune system to distinguish self from nonself
SELF RECOGNITION
these are also known as the HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN COMPLEX (HLA)
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)
the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) is also known as what
HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN COMPLEX (HLA)
these are polymorphic genes located in the sixth chromosome (human)
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)
the MHC has greater than __ alleles per locus and, about _______ alleles have been identified
40; 10,000
3 MAJOR TYPES OF MHC
CLASS I MHC
CLASS II MHC
CLASS III MHC
this type of MHC are glycoproteins expressed on surface of most nucleated cells
CLASS I MHC
this type of MHC are self-antigens that can bind with foreign antigens, and present it to Tc cells and induce immunological responses
CLASS I MHC
CLASS I MHC can bind with foreign antigens, forming the what
foreign antigen – Class I MHC complex
after the formation of the foreign antigen – Class I MHC complex, what does the CLASS I MHC do
present it to Tc cells and induce immunological responses
any infected cell can function as a what
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)
this type of MHC are glycoproteins expressed primarily on professional APCs: DENDRITIC CELLS, MACROPHAGES, and B CELLS
CLASS II MHC
CLASS II MHC are glycoproteins expressed primarily on these 3 professional APCs
DENDRITIC CELLS, MACROPHAGES,
B CELLS
this type of MHC are self-antigens that can bind with foreign antigens, and present it to Tʜ cells, activating the lymphocytes
CLASS II MHC
foreign antigen – Class II MHC complex, what does the CLASS II MHC do
present it to Tʜ cells, activating the lymphocytes in the process
this type of MHC are genes that encode secreted proteins that are important to the immune response such as the complement system, TNFs, inflammatory molecules, etc.
CLASS III MHC
