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MSK exam 2 > The vertebral column > Flashcards

The vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

how many vertebrae in vertebral column

A

33

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2
Q

how many vertebrae in each region

A 
cervical 7
thoracic 12
lumbar 5
sacral 5
coccygeal 4
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3
Q

characteristics of cervical vertebrae

A

have transverse foramen for the vertebral artery

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4
Q

motion occurs between how many vertebrae and which

A

24 vertebrae

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar

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5
Q

sacrum is

A

fused

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6
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone is fused

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7
Q

primary curvatures of the spine

A

thoracic and sacral

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8
Q

what is a primary curvature

A

curvatures that developed during the fetal period

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9
Q

what is a secondary curvature

A

develop post-natal in the opposite direction as the vertebral column

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10
Q

how does the cervical curve arise

A

when infants begin to hold their head up

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11
Q

how does the lumbar curve arise?

A

when infant starts to stand/walk/pull self up

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12
Q

kyphosis

A

hunchback

accentuated of thoracic spine

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13
Q

age related osteoporosis

A

kyphosis

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14
Q

lordosis

A

accentuated lumbar curvature often due to weight gain (ex pregnancy)

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15
Q

sway back or hollow back

A

lordosis

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16
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature and rotation of vertebral column

can result from limb length inequalities and or malformation of the vertebrae

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17
Q

3 general features of a vertebrae

A

vertebral body
vertebral (neural) arch (pedicles and lamina)
processes for muscular attachment (7)

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18
Q

vertebral processes for muscular attachment

A

spinous process 1
transverse process 2
articular processes (superior and inferior) 4

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19
Q

articular processes

A

form the facet joints

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20
Q

synovial joints between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

A

facet joints

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21
Q

individual facets

A

small range of motion

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22
Q

collective facets

A

larger degree of motion

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23
Q

intervertebral discs

A

cartilaginous joints designed for weight bearing and strength

provide a strong stable attachment between adjacent vertebrae

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24
Q

intervertebral disc has 2 parts

A

annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

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25
Q

annulus fibrosus

A

composed of concentric layers of fibrocartilage that adheres to the vertebral bodies

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26
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

a gelatinous central mass (high water content) that acts like a miniature shock absorber

27
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

allow passage and protection for the spinal nerve as it exits the vertebral process

28
Q

articular process facets of cervical

A

oriented at 45 degrees off the transverse plane

29
Q

thoracic vertebrae facets

A
  • have costal facets that articulate with the ribs

- articular processes are oriented in the frontal plane (dorsal and ventral)

30
Q

lumbar facets

A

articular processes are oriented in sagittal plane (right and left)

31
Q

what determines the motion of the vertebral column?

A

the shape and orientation of the facet joints

32
Q

where does the majority of motion occur along the vertebral column?

A

cervical and lumbar regions

33
Q

what areas are prone to significant stress concentration?

A

cervicothoracic junction and thoracolumbar junction

34
Q

the ___________ spine is at greatest risk of injury purely from a mechanical standpoint

A

cervical

followed by lumbar

35
Q

first cervical vertebrae

A

atlas

36
Q

a ring shaped bone which consists of two lateral bony masses connected by an anterior and posterior arch

A

atlas

37
Q

anterior arch has a facet for the ______

A

dens of C2

38
Q

2nd cervical vertebra

A

axis

39
Q

distinguishing feature of C2

A

dens = toothlike process that projects superiorly from the body

40
Q

craniovertebral joints

A
  • Atlanto-occipital

- Atlanto-axial

41
Q

yes movements

A

primarily flexion and extension in the sagittal plane

42
Q

Jefferson fracture

A

fracture of atlas (C1)

-burst fracture of C1 (compression of cervical region)

43
Q

synovial joint between the superior articular facets of the atlas and the occipital condyles at the base of the skull

A

atlanto occipital joint

44
Q

Atlanto-axial joints

A

one median atlantoaxial joint between the dens of C2 and the anterior arch of C1

two lateral antlantoaxial synovial joints between opposing articular facets

45
Q

“no” movements

A

movement of Atlanto-axial joint in the transverse plane

46
Q

hangman fracture

A

fracture of axis (c2)

may involve the dens which if displaced can injure the spinal cord

47
Q

functions of the vertebral column

A
  • supports the head and trunk
  • transfers weight the body to the lower limbs
  • provides postural support
  • encloses and protects the spinal cord and nerves
48
Q

the spinal cord has ___ pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

49
Q

some branches of spinal nerves come together and form _____ that innervate structures in the limbs

A

plexuses

50
Q

ventral root

A

contains axons of somatic motor (efferent) nerves that convey impulses away from the spinal cord

51
Q

dorsal root

A

contains axons of somatic sensory (afferent) nerves that convey impulses toward the spinal cord

52
Q

both roots unite to form a ______ which conveys both ___ and _____ axons

A

spinal nerve

sensory and motor

53
Q

spinal nerves divide into ____ branches or ____ which also convey both sensory and motor axons

A

two

rami

54
Q

convey nerve axons to and from the deep muscles of the back and the overlying skin of the back

A

dorsal ramus

55
Q

conveys nerve axon to and from the body wall and/or upper and lower limbs

A

ventral ramus

56
Q

ligaments of the vertebral column

A
  • anterior longitudinal ligament
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • supraspinous ligament
  • interspinous ligament
  • ligamentum flava
57
Q

unites anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae and prevents hyperextension

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

58
Q

unites the posterior surface of the bodies of the vertebrae located inside the vertebral canal

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

59
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

connects the spinous processes from the sacrum to c7

60
Q

ligamentum nuchae

A

brand strong ligament of the neck that provides attachment for cervical muscles

61
Q

interspinous ligament

A

in-between each adjacent spinous process

62
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

a yellow ligament with elastic fibers that join adjacent lamina or vertebrae - help prevent hyper flexion of the vertebral column

63
Q

things that can impinge upon the exiting spinal nerve

A

arthritis or disc degeneration

64
Q

ligament affected in whiplash

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

MSK exam 2 (12 decks)

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