The vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

function of vertebral column

A
•	Functions:
o	supports weight of head and trunk
o	protects spinal cord
o	allows spinal nerves to exit spinal cord
o	site for muscle attachment
o	permits movement of the head and trunk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Regions of vertebrae column

A

o abbreviated by capital letter that indicates the region
o followed by a number that indicates the specific vertebra
• starts with lowest number at the cranial end and highest number at the caudal end of the region
o cervical (C1-C7)
o thoracic (T1-T12)
o lumbar (L1-L5)
o sacral (S1-S5) – only one in the adult
o coccygeal (Co1-Co5) – variable number but only one in the adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Spinal curves

A

o most body weight lies in front of vertebral column and curvatures bring weight in line with body axis and center of gravity
o 4 in adult but appearance changes from fetus to adult due to change in posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Type of spinal curves

A

o cervical – curves ventrally
o thoracic – curves dorsally
o lumbar – curves ventrally
o sacral – curves dorsally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

abnormal spinal curvature

A

o conditions and events that damage bones, muscles and nerves distorts shape and impairs function of vertebral column
o may be temporary condition or may be due to disease or congenital defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

example of abnormal spinal curvature ?

A

o kyphosis = exaggerated dorsal curvature of thoracic region
• most common in post-menopausal women (“dowager’s hump”) resulting from compression fractures
o lordosis (“swayback”) = exaggeration of ventral curve of lumbar region
• pregnancy or obesity resulting in weakness of abdominal muscles
o scoliosis = lateral and rotational curvature of the vertebral column
• most common distortion of spine
• can result from developmental problems or muscle paralysis affecting one side of back
• idiopathic scoliosis – when underlying cause not known
• appears in girls during adolescence
• treatment includes: exercise, braces, and surgical straightening with implanted rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

body

A

= bony disk that is weight-bearing portion

o articulates with neighbouring vertebrae - interconnected by ligaments and separated by intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

vertebral foramen

A

large opening surrounded by arch and together with foramina of other vertebrae forms vertebral canal
o contains the spinal cord and cauda equine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

• vertebral arch

A

projects posteriorly from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

• pedicle part of vertebral arch

A

part attached to the posterolateral margins of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

• vertebral arch : lamina

A

thin plate that joins with lamina from other half of vertebrae to make the arch
• contain intervertebral notches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

• vertebral arch : transverse process

A

extends laterally from each side of the arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

vertebral arch : spinous process

A

extends posteriorly from the junction of the two lamellae

• seen and felt as series of lumps down the midline of the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

• superior (2) and inferior (2) processes

A

at junction between pedicles and laminae

o overlap of superior from one vertebra and inferior process from vertebra above increases rigidity of vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

o articular facet

A

on end of each process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

• intervertebral foramina

A

formed by articulation from processes and from notches of adjacent pedicle
o allows spinal nerves to exit spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Intervertebral disc : fibrocartilage

A

located between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
o provide additional support and prevent vertebral bodies from rubbing against each other
• compress with age so distance between vertebrae decreases – overall height of individual decreases, and more prone to herniation (portion squeezed out of place)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A
  • extend from occipital bone of skull to thorax

* have very small bodies – dislocations and fractures more common in this area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

• typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C7) have:

A
o	bifid (split) spinous processes
o	transverse foramen in each transverse process - only present in cervical vertebrae
•	passageway for vertebral arteries and veins supplying the brain
20
Q

C-1

A

atlas (holds up the head) (Fig 6.22) – has no body and no spinous process
o has large superior articular facets where it articulates with the occipital condyles at the base of the skull
• permits nodding (“yes”) movement but prevents twisting

21
Q

c-2

A

axis (Fig 6.22) – contains the dens - a modified process on superior side of its small body
o fits into the large vertebral foramen of the atlas and held in place by transverse ligament
• allows head to rotate

22
Q

c-7

A

has most prominent spinous process (vertebral prominens)

o ligamentum nuchae – large elastic ligament begins here and extends cranially to insert along external occipital crest

23
Q

whiplash

A

= traumatic hyperextension of the cervical vertebrae
o may result in fracture of spinous processes or herniated disc putting posterior pressure on spinal cord, spinal nerves, muscles, tendons and ligaments

24
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

• body thicker and heart shaped
• have long thin spinous processes directed inferiorly
• articular facets articulate with ribs
o T1-T8 have superior and inferior costal facets on border of body and pedicle
o T9-T-12 have only single facet
o T1-T10 have transverse costal facets on transverse process to articulate with tubercles of ribs

25
lumbar vertebrae
* large, thick oval-shaped bodies | * rectangular spinous and transverse processes
26
sacrum
* adult = 5 fused sacral vertebrae – with fusion complete ~age 25 * curved with convex dorsal surface
27
sacrum : apex
narrow caudal portion
28
sacrum :base
broad superior surface
29
sacrum : median sacral crest
partially fused spinous processes of first four sacral vertebrae o sacral canal – extends the length of the sacrum o sacral hiatus = end of sacral canal – often site for injection of anesthetics
30
sacrum :sacral foramina
lateral to midline
31
sacrum : auricular surfaces
lateral ear-shaped wings that join with the pelvic bones
32
Coccyx
* adult = 3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae * most inferior portion of vertebral column * small and have no vertebral foramina or processes * attachment site for ligaments and muscle
33
Spina Bifida
developmental condition of vertebral arches • most common neural tube defect (NTD) associated with heredity and maternal diet o low folic acid intake associated with NTD • pregnant women – recommended intake 400 micrograms daily • region affected and severity of condition vary widely o most commonly involves 3-6 vertebrae in inferior thoracic, lumbar, or sacral region • vertebral arch is incomplete so do not contain spinous process • meninges surrounding spinal cord bulge outward
34
rib cage
– semi-rigid chamber that protects vital organs in thorax = ribs and associated costal cartilages and sternum (thoracic cage includes thoracic vertebrae) • increases and decreases in volume of thoracic cavity during respiration
35
ribs
12 pairs of that articulate with the thoracic vertebrae
36
ribs :head
articulates with bodies of two adjacent ribs
37
ribs : tubercle
articulates with transverse process of inferior vertebra
38
ribs : • body (shaft
main part of rib, o angle = point of greatest curvature and weakest point that can be fractured in crushing injury o sternal end = attaches to costal cartilage o costal groove along inferior and medial border = bath for blood vessels and nerves
39
ribs : true ribs
attach directly via their costal cartilages to the sternum
40
ribs : false ribs
(5 pairs) – 8th, 9th, 10th attach by common cartilage to the seventh ribs
41
ribs : floating ribs
11th and 12th do not attach to sternum
42
sternum
flat bone that forms anterior midline of thoracic cage
43
sternum has 3 parts ?
o manubrium o body o xiphoid process
44
sternum : manubrium
most cranial portion - articulates with clavicle and 1st rib • jugular notch – located on superior margin and easily palpated • sternal angle –prominence where inferior margin of manubrium and body of sternum meet
45
sternum :body
middle portion
46
sternum :xiphoid process
most caudal portion and no ribs attach here | • connection to body of sternum can be broken creating a spear of bone that can severely damage the liver