first pack Flashcards
Anatomical position
standing upright, face forward, arms at side with palms facing forward
descriptions of relative positions of structures to one another e.g. distal to (farther from) are based on anatomical position despite actual physical position of the body
• Supine
lying face upward in anatomical position
• Prone
lying face downward
• Superior
above
inferior
below
• Anterior
front surface
o Ventral
on belly side (in humans is synonymous to anterior)
• Posterior
back surface
dorsal
= back - in humans is synonymous to posterior
• Cephalic
toward the head - in humans is synonymous to superior
caudal
= toward the tail (end of the spinal cord)
Proximal
closer (nearest) to an attached base
Distal
farther (distant) from
Medial
toward the middle
lateral
away from the midline – i.e. toward the edges
superficial
= close to the surface of the body
• Deep
toward the interior of the body
Axial (Central) Region:
- Head/Cephalon
- Neck/Cervicis
- Trunk
Trunk divided into
o Thorax = chest
o Abdomen = region between thorax and pelvis
Abdomen is divided into 4 main quadrants
4 quadrants • Right upper quadrant • Right lower quadrant • Left upper quadrant • Left lower quadrant
Abdomen can also be divided into 9 region
nine regions
• Right Hypochondriac (hypo = under/below, chondr = cartilage)
• Epigastric (epi = on/upon, gastro = stomach)
• Left Hypochondriac
• Right Lumbar (refers to lumbar vertebrae)
• Umbilical
• Left Lumbar
• Right inguinal (refers to the groin area)
• Hypogastric
• Left inguinal
arm
branchium
shoulder to elbow
forearm
anebranchium
elbow to wrist
wrist
carpus
hand
manus
thigh
femur
hip to knee
leg
crus
knee to ankle
ankle
tarsus
foot
pes
Body Cavities
internal chambers in which many vital organs suspended
• Thoracic Cavity
surrounded by ribs and separated from abdominal cavity by the diaphragm
o divided into right and left pleural cavities separated by the mediastinum
o pleural cavities
serous membranes and cavity associated with each lung
• pleurisy = inflammation of pleura
o mediastinum (middle wall)
mass of connective tissue that surrounds, stabilizes and protects the heart in the pericardial cavity, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and some blood vessels and nerves
• Abdominopelvic Cavity
below the diaphragm and contains peritoneal cavity
o peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum – membrane lining the cavity
o Abdominal Cavity
enclosed by abdominal muscles
• contains the stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
o Pelvic Cavity
= area encased by pelvic bones
• contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, internal reproductive organs
