Appendicular skeleton

Question 1

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 1

= bones of upper limbs, lower limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles

Question 2

• Pectoral Girdle

Answer 2

scapula and clavicle

Question 3

scapula

Answer 3

shoulder blade

dorsally located

Question 4

clavicle

Answer 4

collar bone
ventrally located long bone with slight sigmoid (s-shaped) curve
o can be easily seen and felt
o sternal end articulates with manubrium
o acromial end – broader and flatter and articulates with acromion process of scapula

Question 5

scapula : body

Answer 5

broad triangle with 3 borders: superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary

Question 6

scapula : o subscapular fossa

Answer 6

deep anterior surface of scapula that overlies the ribs

Question 7

scapula : o coracoid process

Answer 7

lateral and superior portion of anterior surface and projects anteriorly
• attachment site for short head of biceps brachii – muscle of the upper arm

Question 8

scapula : o glenoid cavity (fossa)

Answer 8

cranially located on lateral surface – articulates with head of humerus

Question 9

scapula : o scapular spine

Answer 9

extends across posterior surface of scapula

Question 10

scapula : o acromion process

Answer 10

large flattened lateral portion of scapular spine
• forms protective cover for shoulder joint
• attachment site for clavicle
• attachment points for some shoulder muscles

Question 11

o supraspinous fossa

Answer 11

above scapular spine

Question 12

o infraspinous fossa

Answer 12

– below scapular spine

Question 13

upper limb

Answer 13

humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, and phalanges

Question 14

humerus

Answer 14

only bone of arm

Question 15

head , humerus

Answer 15

proximal end of the bone that articulates with glenoid cavity of the scapula

Question 16

greater tubercle of humerus

Answer 16

site of muscle attachment on lateral surface of proximal epiphysis

Question 17

lesser tubercle of humerus

Answer 17

o - site of muscle attachment on anterior and medial surface of proximal epiphysis
♣ intertubercular sulcus (groove) – between two tubercles = contains tendon of biceps

Question 18

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Answer 18

o attachment site for deltoid muscle mid-way along lateral surface of shaft

Question 19

articular condyle of humerus

Answer 19

o on distal epiphysis composed of two parts:
♣ capitulum – rounded lateral portion – articulates with head of radius
♣ trochlea – medial pulley-like area – articulates with ulna
• coronoid fossa – immediately superior to trochlea on anterior surface
• olecranon fossa – immediately superior to trochlea on posterior surface

Question 20

medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus

Answer 20

o points of muscle attachment for forearm

Question 21

Ulna

Answer 21

– on medial side of forearm

Question 22

trochlear notch of ulna

Answer 22

o trochlear notch – c-shaped articular surface on proximal end that fits over trochlea of humerus
♣ olecranon process = superior and posterior portion of proximal epiphysis
• process easily felt – point forms “elbow”
♣ coronoid process = anterior process

Question 23

radial notch of ulna

Answer 23

lateral to coronoid process – articulates with head of radius

Question 24

head of ulna

Answer 24

o on distal end - articulates with radius and wrist bones

♣ styloid process – posteriomedial side – attachment site for ligaments of wrist

Question 25

radius

Answer 25

on lateral side (thumb-side) of forearm

Question 26

head of radius

Answer 26

o disc-shaped proximal end – articulates with capitulum of humerus ♣ lateral surface rotates against ulna

Question 27

radial tuberosity

Answer 27

attachment point for biceps brachii

Question 28

styloid process –

Answer 28

lateral side of the expanded distal end

Question 29

Carpals bones

Answer 29

o carpus (wrist) = two rows of four carpal bones

Question 30

proximal row for carpal bone

Answer 30

o lateral to medial: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform (located on palmar surface of triquetrum) ♣ scaphoid = most frequently fractured carpal bone – usually resulting from fall onto outstretched hand (clinical note p. 184)

Question 31

distal row for carpal bone

Answer 31

o lateral to medial: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate (has hook process on palmar surface),

Question 32

mnemonic for carpal bone

Answer 32

o mnemonic for above order using the first letter for each carpal bone: Sam Likes To Push The Toy Car Hard o carpal bones as group are convex posteriorly and concave anteriorly

Question 33

manus

Answer 33

metacarpals and phalanges

Question 34

Metacarpals (5)

Answer 34

o form the framework for the hand ♣ numbered by Roman numerals I-V from lateral (thumb side) to medial ♣ bones curve so palmer surface of hand in concave wide proximal base articulate with distal row of carpals and distal heads with proximal phalanges

Question 35

Phalanges (14)

Answer 35

o bones that make up the digits – 1 thumb and 4 fingers ♣ pollex (thumb) – has two phalanges – proximal and distal ♣ fingers – have three phalanges – proximal, middle and distal

Question 36

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

Answer 36

• bones generally thicker, longer and heavier than upper limb

Question 37

Pelvic Girdle

Answer 37

• right and left coxal bones of appendicular skeleton and sacrum and coccyx of axial skeleton (Fig 7.11)

Question 38

Hip (Coxal) bones

Answer 38

right and left halves join anteriorly to each other at the pubis and posteriorly with sacrum o formed from the fusion of three bones: ilium, ischium and pubis

Question 39

acetabulum (hip bone)

Answer 39

o fossa on lateral surface of pelvis formed by fusion of ilium, ischium and pubis ♣ articular surface is crescent shaped where head of the femur articulates

Question 40

ilium –

Answer 40

o broad, flat and curved dish-like portion ♣ iliac crest – on superior surface easily seen and palpated (Fig 7.10) • anterior and posterior superior iliac spine = continuation of crest anteriorly and posteriorly bony landmarks for gluteal injections (hip bone )

Question 41

iliac fossa (hip bone )

Answer 41

large depression on medial side of ilium

Question 42

greater sciatic notch (hip bone)

Answer 42

♣ on posterior and inferior portion of ilium – sciatic nerve passes through it

Question 43

auricular surface (hip bone)

Answer 43

♣ joins with sacrum to form sacroiliac joint | • receives most of the weight of the upper body and strongly supported by ligaments

Question 44

ischium (hip bone)

Answer 44

♣ posterior, inferior and lateral positioning • ischial spine – posterior to acetabulum superior to lesser sciatic notch • ischial tuberosity – heavy posterolateral bony prominence that person sits on and where posterior thigh muscles attach

Question 45

pubis (hip bone)

Answer 45

o anterior and medial positioning ♣ pubic crest – roughened ridge located medially • where abdominal muscles attach ♣ pubis symphysis – just inferior to pubic crest = junction between right and left coxal bones

Question 46

obturator foramen (hip bone)

Answer 46

o large opening enclosed by pubic and ischial rami | ♣ in life – space closed by collagenous connective tissue that act as firm base for attachment of hip muscles

Question 47

Pelvis

Answer 47

ing of bone with hips forming anterior and lateral parts and sacrum and coccyx forming posterior part

Question 48

greater pelvis

Answer 48

o false pelvis formed by bladelike extensions of ilium | ♣ encloses organs within the inferior portion of abdominal cavity

Question 49

lesser pelvis

Answer 49

o true pelvis – bony edge = pelvic brim ♣ pelvic inlet = superior opening into the true pelvis ♣ pelvic outlet = inferior opening of the pelvis • in life, enclosed by perineum with pelvic muscles forming floor of pelvic cavity

Question 50

male pevis

Answer 50

o male – heavier (most robust) with prominent markings ♣ pelvic inlet and outlet smaller and heart shaped ♣ iliac fossa deeper ♣ sub-public angle <90% ♣ ischial spines closed together and point medially ♣ coccyx more concave

Question 51

female pelvis

Answer 51

o broader, shorter superior to inferior ♣ smoother and lighter ♣ larger oval-shaped pelvic inlet and outlet ♣ iliac fossa shallower ♣ sub-pubic angle >100% ♣ ischial spines further apart and point posteriorly ♣ coccyx straighter (less concave)