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Medical Terminology > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of the urinary system?

A

To maintain the proper amount of water in the body and remove waste products from the blood by excreting them in the urine

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2
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

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3
Q

What are kidneys?

A

organs that remove dissolved waste and other substances from the blood and urine

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4
Q

What are ureters?

A

Tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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5
Q

What is the bladder?

A

the organ that stores urine

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6
Q

What is the urethra?

A

a tubular structure that transports urine through the meatus, the external opening of a canal, to the outside of the body

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7
Q

Combining form: cali/o, calic/o

A

calyx

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8
Q

Combining form: cyst/o

A

bladder, especially the urinary bladder

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9
Q

Combining form: glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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10
Q

Combining form: meat/o

A

meatus

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11
Q

Combining form: nephr/o

A

kidney

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12
Q

Combining form: pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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13
Q

Combining form: ren/o

A

kidney

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14
Q

Combining form: trigon/o

A

trigone

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15
Q

Combining form: ur/o, urin/o

A

urine

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16
Q

Combining form: ureter/o

A

ureter

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17
Q

Combining form: urethr/o

A

urethra

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18
Q

Combining form: -uria

A

of urine

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19
Q

Combining form: vasic/o

A

bladder, generally used when describing something in relation to the bladder

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20
Q

Define: retroperitoneal

A

The space behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column that house the kidneys

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21
Q

Define: reabsorption

A

the process of retaining substances the body needs done by the kidneys

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22
Q

How is urine produced?

A

The filtration of water, salts, sugar, urea, and other nitrogenous waste materials such as creatine and uric acid.

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23
Q

Define: cortex

A

the outer protective portion of the kidneys

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24
Q

Define: medulla

A

the inner soft portion of the kidneys

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25
Q

Define: hilum

A

a depression in the middle of the concave side of the kidneys

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26
Q

Define: nephron

A

functional part of the kidney that removes waste products from the blood and produces urine

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27
Q

Define: glomerulus

A

a group of capillaries that make up the renal corpuscle

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28
Q

Define: renin

A

a substance produced by the kidneys when there is insufficient blood flow that causes an increase in the blood pressure to maintain the filtration rate of blood

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29
Q

Define: Bowman’s capsule

A

surround each glomerulus and this is where the fluid collects

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30
Q

Define: renal pelvis

A

a collecting area in the center of the kidneys

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31
Q

Define: calices, calyces, calyx

A

small cuplike structures in the renal pelvis that collect urine

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32
Q

Define: trigone

A

a triangular area at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter the bladder and the urethra exits it

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33
Q

Define: trigonitis

A

inflammation of the trigone of the bladder

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34
Q

Define: meatotomy

A

surgical enlargement of the meatus

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35
Q

Define: cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder

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36
Q

Define: urethrorrhea

A

abnormal discharge from the urethra

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37
Q

Define: nephritis

A

inflammation of the kidney

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38
Q

Define: calioplasty

A

surgical reconstruction of the calix

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39
Q

Define: anuria

A

lack of urine formation

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40
Q

Define: uremia

A

excess urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood

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41
Q

Define: pyeloplasty

A

surgical repair of the renal pelvis

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42
Q

Define: glommerulitis

A

inflammation of the glomeruli.

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43
Q

Define: vesicoabdominal

A

relates to the urinary bladder and the abdominal wall

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44
Q

Define: renomegaly

A

enlargement of the kidney

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45
Q

Define: ureterotenosis

A

narrowing of a ureter

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46
Q

What is urinalysis?

A

the examination of urine for its physical, chemical, and microscopic properties

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47
Q

What is the first phase in urinalysis?

A

During this phase, the colour, turbidity, and specific gravity or urine give certain diagnostic clues.

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48
Q

What is the second phase in urinalysis?

A

The chemicals present in urine are determined, including pH levels

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49
Q

What is the third phase in urinalysis?

A

the urine sediment is examined for solids or casts, which are performed when protein accumulates in the urine

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50
Q

What is a cystoscopy?

A

the insertion of a tubular instrument to examine a bladder with light

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51
Q

What is a cystoscope?

A

the tubular instrument used in cystoscopy

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52
Q

What is a kidney, ureter, bladder?

A

an x-ray of three parts of the urinary tract

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53
Q

What is a retrograde pyelogram?

A

an x-ray of the kidney, bladder, and ureters taken after a cystoscope is used to introduce a contrast medium

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54
Q

What is a voiding cystogram, voiding cystourethrogram?

A

an x-ray taken during urination to examine the flow of urine through the system

55
Q

What is a renogram?

A

used to study kidney function

56
Q

What is dialysis?

A

the process of mechanically maintaining kidney or renal function when kidney failure occurs

57
Q

What is hemodialysis?

A

the process of filtering blood outside the body in an artificial kidney machine and returning it to the body after filtering

58
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

the insertion and removal of a dialysis solution into the peritoneal cavity

59
Q

What is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy?

A

the breaking up of urinary stones by using shock waves from outside the body

60
Q

Describe: urinary tract infection

A

commonly refers to a bladder or urethra infection

61
Q

Describe: nephritis

A

inflammation of the kidneys

62
Q

Describe: glomerulonephritis

A

kidney inflammation located in the glomeruli

63
Q

Describe: pyelitis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis

64
Q

Describe: nephrosis

A

a group of symptoms usually following or related to another illness that causes protein loss in the urine

65
Q

Describe: proteinuria

A

protein loss in the urine

66
Q

Describe: edema

A

swelling

67
Q

Describe: hydronephrosis

A

a collection of urine in the kidneys without release due to a blockage

68
Q

Describe: polycystic kidney disease

A

a progressive, hereditary condition in which numerous kidney cysts form that can cause other conditions in adults, such as high blood pressure and excess blood and waste in the urine

69
Q

Describe: kidney failure

A

the loss of kidney function

70
Q

Describe: uremia, azotemia

A

excesses or urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood

71
Q

Describe: nephroblastoma

A

a malignant tumor of the kidneys found primarily in children

72
Q

Describe: nephroma

A

any renal tumour

73
Q

Describe: cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder

74
Q

Describe: cystolith

A

a stone in the bladder

75
Q

Describe: anuria

A

no waste output

76
Q

Describe: dysuria

A

painful urination

77
Q

Describe: enuresis

A

lack of bladder control

78
Q

Describe: nocturia

A

frequent bedtime urination

79
Q

Describe: oliguria

A

excessive urination

80
Q

Describe: polyuria

A

urination during sneezing or coughing

81
Q

Describe: incontinence

A

involuntary discharge of urine or feces

82
Q

Describe: albuminuria or proteinuria

A

indicates the presence of albumin in the urine

83
Q

Describe: hematuria

A

indicates the presence of blood in the urine

84
Q

Describe: ketonuria

A

indicates the presence of ketone bodies in the urine

85
Q

Describe: pyuria

A

indicates the presence of pus and white blood cells in the urine

86
Q

Describe: atresia

A

narrowing of the ureters or urethra

87
Q

Describe: urology

A

the practice of medicine specializing in the urinary tract

88
Q

Describe: nephrectomy

A

the removal of a diseased kidney

89
Q

Describe: nephrolysis

A

the removal of adhesions in the kidney

90
Q

Describe: nephrostomy

A

the creation of an opening in the kidney leading to the outside of the body

91
Q

Describe: nephrolithotomy

A

surgical removal of a kidney stone

92
Q

Describe: nephropexy

A

surgical affixing a floating kidney in place

93
Q

Describe: nephrorrhaphy

A

suturing of a damaged kidney

94
Q

Describe: pyelotomy

A

an incision into the renal pelvis

95
Q

Describe: pyeloplasty

A

the surgical repair of the renal pelvis

96
Q

Describe: ureteroplasty

A

surgical repair of a ureter

97
Q

Describe: ureterorrhaphy

A

the suture of a damaged ureter

98
Q

Describe: ureterectomy

A

surgical removal of a diseased ureter

99
Q

Describe: lithotomy or lithectomy

A

removal of stones from the bladder

100
Q

Describe: cystectomy

A

the removal of the bladder

101
Q

Describe: cystopexy

A

surgical fixing the bladder to the abdominal wall

102
Q

Describe: cystoplasty

A

the surgical repair of the bladder

103
Q

Describe: cystorrhaphy

A

suturing of a damaged bladder

104
Q

Describe: urethroplasty

A

surgical repair of the urethra

105
Q

Describe: urethropexy

A

surgical fixation of the urethra

106
Q

Describe: urethrorrhaphy

A

suturing of the urethra

107
Q

Describe: urethrostomy

A

surgical creation of an opening between the urethra and the skin

108
Q

Describe: meatotomy

A

surgical enlargement of the opening of the meatus

109
Q

Describe: urethrotomy

A

a surgical incision to enlarge the narrowed area of the urethra

110
Q

Describe: urostomy

A

the creation of an artificial opening in the abdomen through which urine exits the body

111
Q

Describe: intracorporeal electrohydraulic lithotripsy

A

is the use of an endoscope to break up stones in the urinary tract

112
Q

Describe: resectoscope

A

an endoscopy used to cut and remove lesions in parts of the urinary system

113
Q

What are antispasmodics?

A

medication that relieves spasms

114
Q

What are diuretics?

A

medication that increase the secretion of urine

115
Q

What are antihypertensives or ACE inhibitors?

A

medications to control blood pressure related to fluid imbalance from compromised kidney function

116
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

spectrum antibacterial agents used to treat UTI bacterial infections within the urinary tract

117
Q

What are anticholinergics?

A

drugs that are used to treat overactive bladder

118
Q

Abbreviations: ARF

A

acute renal failure

119
Q

Abbreviations: BUN

A

Blood urea nitrogen

120
Q

Abbreviations: CRF

A

chronic renal failure

121
Q

Abbreviations: ESRD

A

end-stage renal disease

122
Q

Abbreviations: ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

123
Q

Abbreviations: EUD

A

external urinary drainage

124
Q

Abbreviations: GFR

A

glomerular filtration rate

125
Q

Abbreviations: GU

A

genitourinary

126
Q

Abbreviations: I&O

A

intake and output

127
Q

Abbreviations: IVP

A

intravenous pyelogram

128
Q

Abbreviations: KUB

A

kidney/ureter/bladder

129
Q

Abbreviations: RP

A

retrograde pyelogram

130
Q

Abbreviations: UA, U/A

A

urinalysis

131
Q

Abbreviations: UTI

A

urinary tract infection

132
Q

Abbreviations: VCG

A

voiding cystogram

133
Q

Abbreviations: VCUG

A

voiding cystourethrogram

Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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