The Urinary System Flashcards
What is the role of the urinary system?
To maintain the proper amount of water in the body and remove waste products from the blood by excreting them in the urine
What does the urinary system consist of?
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
What are kidneys?
organs that remove dissolved waste and other substances from the blood and urine
What are ureters?
Tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
What is the bladder?
the organ that stores urine
What is the urethra?
a tubular structure that transports urine through the meatus, the external opening of a canal, to the outside of the body
Combining form: cali/o, calic/o
calyx
Combining form: cyst/o
bladder, especially the urinary bladder
Combining form: glomerul/o
glomerulus
Combining form: meat/o
meatus
Combining form: nephr/o
kidney
Combining form: pyel/o
renal pelvis
Combining form: ren/o
kidney
Combining form: trigon/o
trigone
Combining form: ur/o, urin/o
urine
Combining form: ureter/o
ureter
Combining form: urethr/o
urethra
Combining form: -uria
of urine
Combining form: vasic/o
bladder, generally used when describing something in relation to the bladder
Define: retroperitoneal
The space behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column that house the kidneys
Define: reabsorption
the process of retaining substances the body needs done by the kidneys
How is urine produced?
The filtration of water, salts, sugar, urea, and other nitrogenous waste materials such as creatine and uric acid.
Define: cortex
the outer protective portion of the kidneys
Define: medulla
the inner soft portion of the kidneys
Define: hilum
a depression in the middle of the concave side of the kidneys
Define: nephron
functional part of the kidney that removes waste products from the blood and produces urine
Define: glomerulus
a group of capillaries that make up the renal corpuscle
Define: renin
a substance produced by the kidneys when there is insufficient blood flow that causes an increase in the blood pressure to maintain the filtration rate of blood
Define: Bowman’s capsule
surround each glomerulus and this is where the fluid collects
Define: renal pelvis
a collecting area in the center of the kidneys
Define: calices, calyces, calyx
small cuplike structures in the renal pelvis that collect urine
Define: trigone
a triangular area at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter the bladder and the urethra exits it
Define: trigonitis
inflammation of the trigone of the bladder
Define: meatotomy
surgical enlargement of the meatus
Define: cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
Define: urethrorrhea
abnormal discharge from the urethra
Define: nephritis
inflammation of the kidney
Define: calioplasty
surgical reconstruction of the calix
Define: anuria
lack of urine formation
Define: uremia
excess urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood
Define: pyeloplasty
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
Define: glommerulitis
inflammation of the glomeruli.
Define: vesicoabdominal
relates to the urinary bladder and the abdominal wall
Define: renomegaly
enlargement of the kidney
Define: ureterotenosis
narrowing of a ureter
What is urinalysis?
the examination of urine for its physical, chemical, and microscopic properties
What is the first phase in urinalysis?
During this phase, the colour, turbidity, and specific gravity or urine give certain diagnostic clues.
What is the second phase in urinalysis?
The chemicals present in urine are determined, including pH levels
What is the third phase in urinalysis?
the urine sediment is examined for solids or casts, which are performed when protein accumulates in the urine
What is a cystoscopy?
the insertion of a tubular instrument to examine a bladder with light
What is a cystoscope?
the tubular instrument used in cystoscopy
What is a kidney, ureter, bladder?
an x-ray of three parts of the urinary tract
What is a retrograde pyelogram?
an x-ray of the kidney, bladder, and ureters taken after a cystoscope is used to introduce a contrast medium
What is a voiding cystogram, voiding cystourethrogram?
an x-ray taken during urination to examine the flow of urine through the system
What is a renogram?
used to study kidney function
What is dialysis?
the process of mechanically maintaining kidney or renal function when kidney failure occurs
What is hemodialysis?
the process of filtering blood outside the body in an artificial kidney machine and returning it to the body after filtering
What is peritoneal dialysis?
the insertion and removal of a dialysis solution into the peritoneal cavity
What is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy?
the breaking up of urinary stones by using shock waves from outside the body
Describe: urinary tract infection
commonly refers to a bladder or urethra infection
Describe: nephritis
inflammation of the kidneys
Describe: glomerulonephritis
kidney inflammation located in the glomeruli
Describe: pyelitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
Describe: nephrosis
a group of symptoms usually following or related to another illness that causes protein loss in the urine
Describe: proteinuria
protein loss in the urine
Describe: edema
swelling
Describe: hydronephrosis
a collection of urine in the kidneys without release due to a blockage
Describe: polycystic kidney disease
a progressive, hereditary condition in which numerous kidney cysts form that can cause other conditions in adults, such as high blood pressure and excess blood and waste in the urine
Describe: kidney failure
the loss of kidney function
Describe: uremia, azotemia
excesses or urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood
Describe: nephroblastoma
a malignant tumor of the kidneys found primarily in children
Describe: nephroma
any renal tumour
Describe: cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
Describe: cystolith
a stone in the bladder
Describe: anuria
no waste output
Describe: dysuria
painful urination
Describe: enuresis
lack of bladder control
Describe: nocturia
frequent bedtime urination
Describe: oliguria
excessive urination
Describe: polyuria
urination during sneezing or coughing
Describe: incontinence
involuntary discharge of urine or feces
Describe: albuminuria or proteinuria
indicates the presence of albumin in the urine
Describe: hematuria
indicates the presence of blood in the urine
Describe: ketonuria
indicates the presence of ketone bodies in the urine
Describe: pyuria
indicates the presence of pus and white blood cells in the urine
Describe: atresia
narrowing of the ureters or urethra
Describe: urology
the practice of medicine specializing in the urinary tract
Describe: nephrectomy
the removal of a diseased kidney
Describe: nephrolysis
the removal of adhesions in the kidney
Describe: nephrostomy
the creation of an opening in the kidney leading to the outside of the body
Describe: nephrolithotomy
surgical removal of a kidney stone
Describe: nephropexy
surgical affixing a floating kidney in place
Describe: nephrorrhaphy
suturing of a damaged kidney
Describe: pyelotomy
an incision into the renal pelvis
Describe: pyeloplasty
the surgical repair of the renal pelvis
Describe: ureteroplasty
surgical repair of a ureter
Describe: ureterorrhaphy
the suture of a damaged ureter
Describe: ureterectomy
surgical removal of a diseased ureter
Describe: lithotomy or lithectomy
removal of stones from the bladder
Describe: cystectomy
the removal of the bladder
Describe: cystopexy
surgical fixing the bladder to the abdominal wall
Describe: cystoplasty
the surgical repair of the bladder
Describe: cystorrhaphy
suturing of a damaged bladder
Describe: urethroplasty
surgical repair of the urethra
Describe: urethropexy
surgical fixation of the urethra
Describe: urethrorrhaphy
suturing of the urethra
Describe: urethrostomy
surgical creation of an opening between the urethra and the skin
Describe: meatotomy
surgical enlargement of the opening of the meatus
Describe: urethrotomy
a surgical incision to enlarge the narrowed area of the urethra
Describe: urostomy
the creation of an artificial opening in the abdomen through which urine exits the body
Describe: intracorporeal electrohydraulic lithotripsy
is the use of an endoscope to break up stones in the urinary tract
Describe: resectoscope
an endoscopy used to cut and remove lesions in parts of the urinary system
What are antispasmodics?
medication that relieves spasms
What are diuretics?
medication that increase the secretion of urine
What are antihypertensives or ACE inhibitors?
medications to control blood pressure related to fluid imbalance from compromised kidney function
What are antibiotics?
spectrum antibacterial agents used to treat UTI bacterial infections within the urinary tract
What are anticholinergics?
drugs that are used to treat overactive bladder
Abbreviations: ARF
acute renal failure
Abbreviations: BUN
Blood urea nitrogen
Abbreviations: CRF
chronic renal failure
Abbreviations: ESRD
end-stage renal disease
Abbreviations: ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Abbreviations: EUD
external urinary drainage
Abbreviations: GFR
glomerular filtration rate
Abbreviations: GU
genitourinary
Abbreviations: I&O
intake and output
Abbreviations: IVP
intravenous pyelogram
Abbreviations: KUB
kidney/ureter/bladder
Abbreviations: RP
retrograde pyelogram
Abbreviations: UA, U/A
urinalysis
Abbreviations: UTI
urinary tract infection
Abbreviations: VCG
voiding cystogram
Abbreviations: VCUG
voiding cystourethrogram
