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Medical Terminology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To deliver blood to tissues within the body.

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2
Q

Combining form: angi/o

A

blood vessel

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3
Q

Combining form: aort/o

A

aorta

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4
Q

Combining form: arteri/o, arter/o

A

artery

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5
Q

Combining form: arther/o

A

fatty matter

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5
Q

Combining form: arther/o

A

fatty matter

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6
Q

Combining form: atri/o

A

atrium

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6
Q

Combining form: atri/o

A

atrium

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7
Q

Combining form: cardi/o

A

heart

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7
Q

Combining form: cardi/o

A

heart

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8
Q

Combining form: hemangi/o

A

blood vessel

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8
Q

Combining form: hemangi/o

A

blood vessel

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9
Q

Combining form: pericardi/o

A

pericardium

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9
Q

Combining form: pericardi/o

A

pericardium

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10
Q

Combining form: phleb/o

A

vein

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10
Q

Combining form: phleb/o

A

vein

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11
Q

Combining form: sphygm/o

A

pulse

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12
Q

Combining form: thromb/o

A

blood clot

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12
Q

Combining form: thromb/o

A

blood clot

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13
Q

Combining form: vas/o

A

blood vessel

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13
Q

Combining form: vas/o

A

blood vessel

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14
Q

Combining form: ven/o

A

vein

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14
Q

Combining form: ven/o

A

vein

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15
Q

What is the role of the heart?

A

To pump blood through the tubular passages through which blood travels to all cells of the body

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16
Q

How big is the average adult heart?

A

5 inches long and 3.5 inches wide and weighs about 300 grams

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16
Q

How big is the average adult heart?

A

5 inches long and 3.5 inches wide and weighs about 300 grams

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17
Q

Define: pericardium

A

A double layered protective sac that covers the pericardial cavity and is filled with pericardial fluid. Outer layer is the parietal pericardium and inner layer is visceral pericardium

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18
Q

Define: myocardium

A

A thick layer of muscular tissue surrounding the heart

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19
Q

Define: endocardium

A

A membranous lining for the chambers and valves of the heart. Inner most protective layer.

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20
Q

Where does the left side of the heart pumps blood to?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body

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21
Q

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs

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22
Q

Define: septum (pl. septa)

A

A partition separating the right and left chambers of the heart

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23
Q

What is located in the right chamber of the heart?

A

The right atrium (upper) and the right ventricle (lower)

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23
Q

What is located in the right chamber of the heart?

A

The right atrium (upper) and the right ventricle (lower)

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24
Q

What is located in the left chamber of the heart?

A

The left atrium (upper) and the left ventricle (lower)

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25
Q

Define: interatrial septum

A

The part of the septum between the two atria

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26
Q

Define: interventricular septum

A

The part of the septum between the two ventricles

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27
Q

Define: valves

A

Regulates blood flow through the chambers of the heart

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28
Q

Define: arteries and veins

A

systems through which blood is pumped through the body. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart

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29
Q

Define: endothelium

A

Lining on arteries that secretes enzymes and other substances into the blood.

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30
Q

Define: lumen

A

the space within the arteries through which blood flows

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31
Q

Define: atrioventricular vales

A

valves of the heart that control blood flow between the atria and the ventricles

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32
Q

Define: tricuspid valve

A

Has three cusps that open and close to allow blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricles.

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32
Q

Define: tricuspid valve

A

Has three cusps that open and close to allow blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricles.

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33
Q

Define: bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

A

Controls blood flow on the left side of the heart, from the atrium to the ventricle. Has two cusps.

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33
Q

Define: bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

A

Controls blood flow on the left side of the heart, from the atrium to the ventricle. Has two cusps.

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34
Q

Define: semilunar valves

A

prevent the backflow of blood into the heart

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35
Q

Define: pulmonary valve and aortic valve

A

the two semilunar valves

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36
Q

Define: coronary circulation

A

the flow of blood within the heart

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37
Q

Define: coronary arteries

A

supply blood to the heart muscle

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38
Q

Define: aorta

A

the body’s largest artery and the artery through which blood exits the heart

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39
Q

How much blood is pumped to the heart through the coronary arteries per day?

A

About 100 gallons

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40
Q

Define: pulmonary circulation

A

The flow of blood between the heart and lungs

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41
Q

Define: pulmonary artery

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs to get oxygen

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42
Q

Define: pulmonary veins

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

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43
Q

Define: systemic circulation

A

The flow of blood through the arteries and veins of the body

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44
Q

Define: pulse

A

A surge caused by the muscular contractions of the heart

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45
Q

Define: carotid artery

A

supplies the head and neck with oxygen-rich blood

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46
Q

Define: femoral artery

A

supplies the thigh with oxygen-rich blood

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47
Q

Define: popliteal artery

A

supplies the back of the knee with oxygen-rich blood

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48
Q

Define: arterioles

A

smaller divisions of arteries

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49
Q

Define: capillaries

A

very narrow blood vessels

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50
Q

Define: venules

A

small branches of veins

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51
Q

Define: saphenous veins

A

specialized vein that removes oxygen-poor blood from the legs

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52
Q

Define: superior vena cava

A

A large vein that carries blood from the upper part of the body to the heart

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53
Q

Define: inferior vena cava

A

A large vein that carries blood from the lower body to the heart

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54
Q

Define: venae cavae

A

plural of vena cava. Both large vena cava veins together bring the blood to the right atrium of the heart

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55
Q

Define: blood pressure

A

The force of the blood surging against the walls of the arteries. Measured in systolic pressure followed by the diastolic pressure

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56
Q

Define: systole

A

The contraction of the heartbeat

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57
Q

Define: diastole

A

the relaxation of the heartbeat

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58
Q

Define: conduction system

A

Controls the impulses that cause the heart to contract

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59
Q

Define: sinoatrial node

A

The area of the heart where the conduction system is found. Located in the right atrium.

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60
Q

Define: polarization

A

resting state of the heartbeat

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60
Q

Define: polarization

A

resting state of the heart

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61
Q

Define: depolarization

A

contracting state of the heartbeat

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62
Q

Define: repolarization

A

recharging from contracting to resting in the heartbeat

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63
Q

Define: atrioventricular node

A

sends the charge from the SA node to a group of specialized muscle fibers called the atrioventricular bundle

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64
Q

Define: atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

A

divides into left and right bundle branches and causes the ventricles to contract, forcing blood away from the heart during systole

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65
Q

Define: Purkinje fibers

A

specialized fibers that conduct the impulses, located at the end of the branches of the atrioventricular bundle

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66
Q

Define: cardiac cycle

A

the process of the heart contracting and relaxing as it circulates blood

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67
Q

Define: sinus rhythm

A

normal heath rhythm

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68
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

Systolic (mm Hg): less than 120

Diastolic (mm Hg): less than 80

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69
Q

What is elevated blood pressure?

A

Systolic (mm Hg): 120-129

Diastolic (mm Hg): less than 80

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69
Q

What is elevated blood pressure?

A

Systolic (mm Hg): 120-129

Diastolic (mm Hg): less than 80

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70
Q

What is high blood pressure stage 1?

A

Systolic (mm Hg): 130-139

Diastolic (mm Hg): 80-89

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71
Q

What is high blood pressure stage 2?

A

Systolic (mm Hg): 140 or higher

Diastolic (mm Hg): 90 or higher

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72
Q

What is a hypertensive crisis?

A

Systolic (mm Hg): 180 or higher

Diastolic (mm Hg): 120 or higher

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73
Q

Define: ductus venosus

A

The connection from the umbilical vein to the fetus’s inferior vena cava, through which oxygenated blood is delivered to the fetal heart, bypassing the liver

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74
Q

Define: ductus arteriosus

A

deoxygenated blood flows from the fetal heart, through the ductus arteriosus and back through the umbilical cord to the placenta, bypassing the lungs

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75
Q

Define: foramen ovale

A

A small opening in the septum between the atria of the fetal heart which allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium

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76
Q

What is an angiogram?

A

An image of a blood vessel

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77
Q

What is aortitis?

A

inflammation of the aorta

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78
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

hardening of the arteries

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79
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

hardening of the arteries with irregular plaque deposits

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80
Q

What is atrioventricular?

A

relates to the atria and ventricles of the heart

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81
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

disease of the heart muscle

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82
Q

What is hemangioma?

A

an abnormal mass of blood vessels

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83
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the pericardium

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84
Q

What is phlebitis?

A

inflammation of a vein

85
Q

What is a sphygmomanometer?

A

an instrument used to measure blood pressure

85
Q

What is a sphygmomanometer?

A

an instrument used to measure blood pressure

86
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

an abnormal increase in blood platelets in the blood

87
Q

What is a vasodepressor?

A

An agent that lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels

88
Q

What is venography?

A

radiographic imaging of a vein

89
Q

What is a cardiologist?

A

Doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease

90
Q

What is auscultation?

A

Listening to sounds within the body through a stethoscope

91
Q

What is a sphygmomanometer?

A

A device used to measure blood pressure

92
Q

What is a stress test?

A

Clients asked to exercise while technicians take certain measurements

93
Q

What is electrocardiography?

A

A test that measures the amount of electricity flowing through the heart by means of electrodes

94
Q

What is a Holter monitor?

A

portable electrocardiograph

95
Q

What is angiocardiography?

A

x-ray of the heart and it’s large blood vessel after dye has been injected.

96
Q

What is angiography?

A

x-ray of blood vessels after dye has been injected

97
Q

What is arteriography?

A

x-ray of a specific artery after dye has been injected

98
Q

What is aortography?

A

x-ray of the aorta after dye has been injected

99
Q

What is venography or phlebography?

A

x-ray of a specific vein after dye has been injected

100
Q

What is a ventriculogram?

A

x-ray showing the ventricles. Measures the amount of blood leaving the ventricles in one contraction

101
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

the percentage of volume of the contents of the left ventricle ejected with each contraction

102
Q

What is sonography?

A

Producing images by measuring the echoes of sound waves against various structures

103
Q

What is a Doppler ultrasound?

A

Measure blood flow in certain blood vessels

104
Q

What is echocardiography?

A

Records sound waves to show the structure and movement of the heart

105
Q

What is a cardiac scan?

A

A test that measures movement of areas of the heart

106
Q

What is a positron emission tomography scan?

A

A form of nuclear imaging

107
Q

What is multiple-gated acquisition angiography?

A

A scan that is a non-invasive method of assessing cardiac muscle function

108
Q

What is a cardiac MRI?

A

Provides a detailed image of the heart and shows any lesions in the large blood vessel of the heart

109
Q

What is cardiac catheterization?

A

Insertion of a catheter into a vein or artery that allows withdrawals of blood samples from the heart and measures certain pressures and blood flow patterns

110
Q

What are cholesterol and triglycerides?

A

Fatty substances or lipids

111
Q

What is a lipid profile?

A

A test that gives the lipid, triglyceride, glucose, and other values that help to evaluate a client’s risk factor

112
Q

What is a cardiac enzyme test (serum enzyme test)?

A

Measures the levels of enzymes released into the blood by damaged heart muscle during a myocardial infarction

113
Q

What are arrhythmias?

A

Abnormal heart rhythms

114
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Slow heartrate

115
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Fast heartrate

116
Q

What are atrial fibrillation, fibrillation, and dysrhythmia?

A

Irregular heartrates

117
Q

What is a heart flutter?

A

Rapid but regular heartbeat

118
Q

What is a bruit?

A

Sound of the heartbeat that is irregular

119
Q

What is a murmur?

A

a soft humming sound which may indicate valve leakage

120
Q

What is a rub?

A

a frictional sound that usually indicates a pericardial murmur

121
Q

What is a gallop?

A

a triple heart sound that usually indicates a serious heart disease

122
Q

What are palpitations?

A

Pulsations of the heart that feel like a thumping in the chest

123
Q

What is an atrioventricular block or a heart block?

A

Caused by a blocking of impulses from the AV node

124
Q

What is premature atrial contractions or premature ventricular contractions?

A

Irregularities in the heart’s contractions

125
Q

What is hypertensive heart disease?

A

abnormalities in blood pressure

126
Q

What is hypertension or high blood pressure?

A

blood pressure that is too high indicating that the vessels do not have the proper pressure of blood flowing through them

127
Q

What is hypotension or low blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure that is too low indicating that the vessels do not have the proper pressure of blood flowing through them

128
Q

What is essential hypertension?

A

High blood pressure that is idiopathic, or without any known cause

129
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Has a known cause

130
Q

What is plaque?

A

Build-up of fatty material

131
Q

What is atheroma?

A

plaque specifically on the wall of an artery

132
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

hardening of an artery

133
Q

What is an embolus?

A

A mass travelling through the bloodstream causing a blockage in the vessel

134
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A stationary blood clot

135
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

A

Inflammation of a vein with a thrombus

136
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

presence of a thrombus in a blood vessel

137
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis?

A

forms in a deep vein or in a vein within a structure rather than one on the surface of the structure

138
Q

What is thrombotic occlusion?

A

closing of a blood vessel caused by a thrombus

139
Q

What is constriction?

A

narrowing of blood vessels

140
Q

What is an occlusion?

A

the closing off of a blood vessel due to a blockage

141
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

a weakness in an artery wall causing a balloon-like bulge which can fatally rupture

142
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Loss of elasticity or hardening of arteries

143
Q

What is claudication?

A

Inadequate blood supply, particularly to the blood vessels in the legs causing limping

144
Q

What is intermittent claudication?

A

Irregular attacks of claudication

145
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

General term for vascular disease in the lower extremities

146
Q

What is infarction?

A

A sudden drop in the supply of blood to a vessel

147
Q

What is necrosis or infarct?

A

An area of dead tissue

148
Q

What is perfusion deficit?

A

A general term for lack of flow through a blood vessel

149
Q

What is ischemia?

A

An area of blood insufficiency

150
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin caused by deficient oxygenation of the blood

151
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Twisted or enlarged veins

152
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

Varicose veins in the anal region

153
Q

What is phlebitis?

A

Inflammation of a vein

154
Q

What is arteritis?

A

Inflammation of an artery

155
Q

What is petechiae?

A

Minute hemorrhages in the blood vessels in the skin

156
Q

What is Raynaud phenomenon?

A

Numbness or pain in the fingers caused by arterial spasms

157
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

Refers to any condition that reduces the nourishment the heart receives from the blood flowing through its arteries

158
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the aorta

159
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Abnormal narrowing of the aorta

160
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Narrowing of a blood vessel

161
Q

What is pulmonary artery stenosis?

A

Stops the flow of blood to the lungs

162
Q

What is angina or angina pectoris?

A

Cardiac pain

163
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

A disruption in the heart’s activity usually caused by blockage of blood flow to a coronary artery (a heart attack)

164
Q

What is cardiac arrest or asystole?

A

Sudden stopping of the heart

165
Q

What are endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis, and bacterial endocarditis?

A

Specific inflammations of the heart

166
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

Occurs when the heart is unable to pump the necessary amount of blood

167
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

accumulation of fluid in the lungs

168
Q

What is an intracardiac tumor?

A

A tumor in a heart chamber

169
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

disease of the heart muscle

170
Q

What is aortic regurgitation or aortic reflux?

A

backward flow of blood through the aortic valve

171
Q

What is mitral stenosis?

A

Abnormal narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve

172
Q

What is mitral insufficiency or mitral reflux?

A

Backward flow of blood through the mitral valve

173
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse?

A

Backward flow of blood due to the abnormal protrusion of one or both of the mitral cusps into the left atrium

174
Q

What is tricuspid stenosis?

A

Abnormal narrowing of the opening of the tricuspid valve

175
Q

What is valvulitis?

A

General term for a heart valve inflammation

176
Q

What is rheumatic heart disease?

A

Damage to the heart, usually to the valves, caused by an untreated streptococcal infection

177
Q

What is vegetation?

A

A clot on a heart valve or opening

178
Q

What is congenital heart disease?

A

Results from a condition present at birth

179
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

A

A disease in which a small duct remains open at birth

180
Q

What is a septal defect?

A

An abnormal opening in the septum between the atria and ventricles

181
Q

What is tetralogy of Fallot?

A

A combination of four congenital heart abnormalities that appear together (ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, incorrect position of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy)

182
Q

What is a balloon catheter dilation or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)?

A

A balloon catheter used to open the passageway inside a blood vessel so that blood can flow freely

183
Q

What is balloon valvuloplasty?

A

involves the use of a balloon catheter to open narrowed cardiac valve openings

184
Q

What is angioplasty or coronary angioplasty?

A

The opening of a blood vessel using a balloon catheter

185
Q

What is cardiac angioscopy?

A

Use of a fiberoptic catheter to view the interior of a blood vessel

186
Q

What is endovascular surgery?

A

Surgery that requires the use of cardiac catherization

187
Q

What is a stent or an intravascular stent?

A

Used to hold open a blood vessel passageway during surgery

188
Q

What is bypass?

A

A creation of a detour around blockages

189
Q

What is coronary bypass surgery or a coronary artery bypass graft?

A

Performed to attach a vessel to be used for the bypass

190
Q

What is cardiopulmonary bypass?

A

A procedure which circulates the blood through a heart-lung machine and back into systemic circulation

191
Q

What is a heart transplant?

A

Surgical removal and replacement of the entire heart

192
Q

What is a valve replacement?

A

The removal and replacement of a heart valve

193
Q

What is a thrombectomy?

A

Surgical removal of a thrombus

194
Q

What is an embolectomy?

A

Surgical removal of an embolus

195
Q

What is an atherectomy?

A

Surgical removal of an atheroma

196
Q

What is a hemorrhoidectomy?

A

surgical removal of hemorrhoids

197
Q

What is endarterectomy?

A

removes the diseased lining of an artery

198
Q

What is an arteriotomy?

A

an incision into an artery to remove a clot

199
Q

What is a valvotomy?

A

The incision into a cardiac valve to remove an obstruction

200
Q

What is a venipuncture?

A

A small puncture made in the skin for the purpose of drawing blood (phlebotomy)

201
Q

What is a valvuloplasty?

A

surgical reconstruction of a cardiac valve

202
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

Surgical procedure to connect blood vessels and to implant devices such as a pacemaker

203
Q

What are antianginals?

A

Medication to relieve pain and prevent attacks of angina

204
Q

What are thrombolytics?

A

Medication used to dissolve blood clots in heart attack victims

205
Q

What are antihypertensives?

A

Blood pressure meds

206
Q

What are vasodilators?

A

Relax the walls of the blood vessels to regulate blood pressure

207
Q

What are diuretics?

A

Medication used to relieve edema and increase kidney function

208
Q

What are cardiotonics?

A

Medication used to increase myocardial contractions

209
Q

What are vasocontrictors?

A

Medication used to narrow blood vessels

210
Q

What are antiarrhythmics?

A

Medication used to normalize heart rate

211
Q

What do lipid-lowering meds do?

A

Help the body excrete unwanted cholesterol

212
Q

What are anticoagulants?

A

Medication that inhibits the ability of the blood to clot

213
Q

Abbreviations: AV

A

atrioventricular

214
Q

Abbreviations: BP

A

Blood pressure

215
Q

Abbreviations: CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

216
Q

Abbreviations: CAD

A

Coronary artery disease

217
Q

Abbreviations: CO

A

cardiac output

218
Q

Abbreviations: CPK

A

creatine phosphokinase

219
Q

Abbreviations: EKG, ECG

A

electrocardiogram

220
Q

Abbreviations: HDL

A

high-density lipoprotein

221
Q

Abbreviations: LDL

A

Low-density lipoprotein

222
Q

Abbreviations: LDH

A

lactate dehydrogenase

223
Q

Abbreviations: MI

A

myocardial infarction

224
Q

Abbreviations: MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

225
Q

Abbreviations: PAC

A

premature atrial contractions

226
Q

Abbreviations: PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

227
Q

Abbreviations: PVC

A

premature ventricular contractions

228
Q

Abbreviations: SA

A

sinoatrial

229
Q

Abbreviations: SV

A

stroke volume

230
Q

Abbreviations: VHDL

A

very high-density lipoprotein

231
Q

Abbreviations: VLDL

A

very low-density lipoprotein

Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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