Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
To deliver blood to tissues within the body.
Combining form: angi/o
blood vessel
Combining form: aort/o
aorta
Combining form: arteri/o, arter/o
artery
Combining form: arther/o
fatty matter
Combining form: arther/o
fatty matter
Combining form: atri/o
atrium
Combining form: atri/o
atrium
Combining form: cardi/o
heart
Combining form: cardi/o
heart
Combining form: hemangi/o
blood vessel
Combining form: hemangi/o
blood vessel
Combining form: pericardi/o
pericardium
Combining form: pericardi/o
pericardium
Combining form: phleb/o
vein
Combining form: phleb/o
vein
Combining form: sphygm/o
pulse
Combining form: thromb/o
blood clot
Combining form: thromb/o
blood clot
Combining form: vas/o
blood vessel
Combining form: vas/o
blood vessel
Combining form: ven/o
vein
Combining form: ven/o
vein
What is the role of the heart?
To pump blood through the tubular passages through which blood travels to all cells of the body
How big is the average adult heart?
5 inches long and 3.5 inches wide and weighs about 300 grams
How big is the average adult heart?
5 inches long and 3.5 inches wide and weighs about 300 grams
Define: pericardium
A double layered protective sac that covers the pericardial cavity and is filled with pericardial fluid. Outer layer is the parietal pericardium and inner layer is visceral pericardium
Define: myocardium
A thick layer of muscular tissue surrounding the heart
Define: endocardium
A membranous lining for the chambers and valves of the heart. Inner most protective layer.
Where does the left side of the heart pumps blood to?
Pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body
Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?
Pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs
Define: septum (pl. septa)
A partition separating the right and left chambers of the heart
What is located in the right chamber of the heart?
The right atrium (upper) and the right ventricle (lower)
What is located in the right chamber of the heart?
The right atrium (upper) and the right ventricle (lower)
What is located in the left chamber of the heart?
The left atrium (upper) and the left ventricle (lower)
Define: interatrial septum
The part of the septum between the two atria
Define: interventricular septum
The part of the septum between the two ventricles
Define: valves
Regulates blood flow through the chambers of the heart
Define: arteries and veins
systems through which blood is pumped through the body. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
Define: endothelium
Lining on arteries that secretes enzymes and other substances into the blood.
Define: lumen
the space within the arteries through which blood flows
Define: atrioventricular vales
valves of the heart that control blood flow between the atria and the ventricles
Define: tricuspid valve
Has three cusps that open and close to allow blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricles.
Define: tricuspid valve
Has three cusps that open and close to allow blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricles.
Define: bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
Controls blood flow on the left side of the heart, from the atrium to the ventricle. Has two cusps.
Define: bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
Controls blood flow on the left side of the heart, from the atrium to the ventricle. Has two cusps.
Define: semilunar valves
prevent the backflow of blood into the heart
Define: pulmonary valve and aortic valve
the two semilunar valves
Define: coronary circulation
the flow of blood within the heart
Define: coronary arteries
supply blood to the heart muscle
Define: aorta
the body’s largest artery and the artery through which blood exits the heart
How much blood is pumped to the heart through the coronary arteries per day?
About 100 gallons
Define: pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood between the heart and lungs
Define: pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs to get oxygen
Define: pulmonary veins
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Define: systemic circulation
The flow of blood through the arteries and veins of the body
Define: pulse
A surge caused by the muscular contractions of the heart
Define: carotid artery
supplies the head and neck with oxygen-rich blood
Define: femoral artery
supplies the thigh with oxygen-rich blood
Define: popliteal artery
supplies the back of the knee with oxygen-rich blood
Define: arterioles
smaller divisions of arteries
Define: capillaries
very narrow blood vessels
Define: venules
small branches of veins
Define: saphenous veins
specialized vein that removes oxygen-poor blood from the legs
Define: superior vena cava
A large vein that carries blood from the upper part of the body to the heart
Define: inferior vena cava
A large vein that carries blood from the lower body to the heart
Define: venae cavae
plural of vena cava. Both large vena cava veins together bring the blood to the right atrium of the heart
Define: blood pressure
The force of the blood surging against the walls of the arteries. Measured in systolic pressure followed by the diastolic pressure
Define: systole
The contraction of the heartbeat
Define: diastole
the relaxation of the heartbeat
Define: conduction system
Controls the impulses that cause the heart to contract
Define: sinoatrial node
The area of the heart where the conduction system is found. Located in the right atrium.
Define: polarization
resting state of the heartbeat
Define: polarization
resting state of the heart
Define: depolarization
contracting state of the heartbeat
Define: repolarization
recharging from contracting to resting in the heartbeat
Define: atrioventricular node
sends the charge from the SA node to a group of specialized muscle fibers called the atrioventricular bundle
Define: atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
divides into left and right bundle branches and causes the ventricles to contract, forcing blood away from the heart during systole
Define: Purkinje fibers
specialized fibers that conduct the impulses, located at the end of the branches of the atrioventricular bundle
Define: cardiac cycle
the process of the heart contracting and relaxing as it circulates blood
Define: sinus rhythm
normal heath rhythm
What is normal blood pressure?
Systolic (mm Hg): less than 120
Diastolic (mm Hg): less than 80
What is elevated blood pressure?
Systolic (mm Hg): 120-129
Diastolic (mm Hg): less than 80
What is elevated blood pressure?
Systolic (mm Hg): 120-129
Diastolic (mm Hg): less than 80
What is high blood pressure stage 1?
Systolic (mm Hg): 130-139
Diastolic (mm Hg): 80-89
What is high blood pressure stage 2?
Systolic (mm Hg): 140 or higher
Diastolic (mm Hg): 90 or higher
What is a hypertensive crisis?
Systolic (mm Hg): 180 or higher
Diastolic (mm Hg): 120 or higher
Define: ductus venosus
The connection from the umbilical vein to the fetus’s inferior vena cava, through which oxygenated blood is delivered to the fetal heart, bypassing the liver
Define: ductus arteriosus
deoxygenated blood flows from the fetal heart, through the ductus arteriosus and back through the umbilical cord to the placenta, bypassing the lungs
Define: foramen ovale
A small opening in the septum between the atria of the fetal heart which allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium
What is an angiogram?
An image of a blood vessel
What is aortitis?
inflammation of the aorta
What is arteriosclerosis?
hardening of the arteries
What is atherosclerosis?
hardening of the arteries with irregular plaque deposits
What is atrioventricular?
relates to the atria and ventricles of the heart
What is cardiomyopathy?
disease of the heart muscle
What is hemangioma?
an abnormal mass of blood vessels
What is pericarditis?
inflammation of the pericardium
What is phlebitis?
inflammation of a vein
What is a sphygmomanometer?
an instrument used to measure blood pressure
What is a sphygmomanometer?
an instrument used to measure blood pressure
What is thrombocytosis?
an abnormal increase in blood platelets in the blood
What is a vasodepressor?
An agent that lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels
What is venography?
radiographic imaging of a vein
What is a cardiologist?
Doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease
What is auscultation?
Listening to sounds within the body through a stethoscope
What is a sphygmomanometer?
A device used to measure blood pressure
What is a stress test?
Clients asked to exercise while technicians take certain measurements
What is electrocardiography?
A test that measures the amount of electricity flowing through the heart by means of electrodes
What is a Holter monitor?
portable electrocardiograph
What is angiocardiography?
x-ray of the heart and it’s large blood vessel after dye has been injected.
What is angiography?
x-ray of blood vessels after dye has been injected
What is arteriography?
x-ray of a specific artery after dye has been injected
What is aortography?
x-ray of the aorta after dye has been injected
What is venography or phlebography?
x-ray of a specific vein after dye has been injected
What is a ventriculogram?
x-ray showing the ventricles. Measures the amount of blood leaving the ventricles in one contraction
What is ejection fraction?
the percentage of volume of the contents of the left ventricle ejected with each contraction
What is sonography?
Producing images by measuring the echoes of sound waves against various structures
What is a Doppler ultrasound?
Measure blood flow in certain blood vessels
What is echocardiography?
Records sound waves to show the structure and movement of the heart
What is a cardiac scan?
A test that measures movement of areas of the heart
What is a positron emission tomography scan?
A form of nuclear imaging
What is multiple-gated acquisition angiography?
A scan that is a non-invasive method of assessing cardiac muscle function
What is a cardiac MRI?
Provides a detailed image of the heart and shows any lesions in the large blood vessel of the heart
What is cardiac catheterization?
Insertion of a catheter into a vein or artery that allows withdrawals of blood samples from the heart and measures certain pressures and blood flow patterns
What are cholesterol and triglycerides?
Fatty substances or lipids
What is a lipid profile?
A test that gives the lipid, triglyceride, glucose, and other values that help to evaluate a client’s risk factor
What is a cardiac enzyme test (serum enzyme test)?
Measures the levels of enzymes released into the blood by damaged heart muscle during a myocardial infarction
What are arrhythmias?
Abnormal heart rhythms
What is bradycardia?
Slow heartrate
What is tachycardia?
Fast heartrate
What are atrial fibrillation, fibrillation, and dysrhythmia?
Irregular heartrates
What is a heart flutter?
Rapid but regular heartbeat
What is a bruit?
Sound of the heartbeat that is irregular
What is a murmur?
a soft humming sound which may indicate valve leakage
What is a rub?
a frictional sound that usually indicates a pericardial murmur
What is a gallop?
a triple heart sound that usually indicates a serious heart disease
What are palpitations?
Pulsations of the heart that feel like a thumping in the chest
What is an atrioventricular block or a heart block?
Caused by a blocking of impulses from the AV node
What is premature atrial contractions or premature ventricular contractions?
Irregularities in the heart’s contractions
What is hypertensive heart disease?
abnormalities in blood pressure
What is hypertension or high blood pressure?
blood pressure that is too high indicating that the vessels do not have the proper pressure of blood flowing through them
What is hypotension or low blood pressure?
Blood pressure that is too low indicating that the vessels do not have the proper pressure of blood flowing through them
What is essential hypertension?
High blood pressure that is idiopathic, or without any known cause
What is secondary hypertension?
Has a known cause
What is plaque?
Build-up of fatty material
What is atheroma?
plaque specifically on the wall of an artery
What is atherosclerosis?
hardening of an artery
What is an embolus?
A mass travelling through the bloodstream causing a blockage in the vessel
What is a thrombus?
A stationary blood clot
What is thrombophlebitis?
Inflammation of a vein with a thrombus
What is thrombosis?
presence of a thrombus in a blood vessel
What is deep vein thrombosis?
forms in a deep vein or in a vein within a structure rather than one on the surface of the structure
What is thrombotic occlusion?
closing of a blood vessel caused by a thrombus
What is constriction?
narrowing of blood vessels
What is an occlusion?
the closing off of a blood vessel due to a blockage
What is an aneurysm?
a weakness in an artery wall causing a balloon-like bulge which can fatally rupture
What is arteriosclerosis?
Loss of elasticity or hardening of arteries
What is claudication?
Inadequate blood supply, particularly to the blood vessels in the legs causing limping
What is intermittent claudication?
Irregular attacks of claudication
What is peripheral vascular disease?
General term for vascular disease in the lower extremities
What is infarction?
A sudden drop in the supply of blood to a vessel
What is necrosis or infarct?
An area of dead tissue
What is perfusion deficit?
A general term for lack of flow through a blood vessel
What is ischemia?
An area of blood insufficiency
What is cyanosis?
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin caused by deficient oxygenation of the blood
What are varicose veins?
Twisted or enlarged veins
What are hemorrhoids?
Varicose veins in the anal region
What is phlebitis?
Inflammation of a vein
What is arteritis?
Inflammation of an artery
What is petechiae?
Minute hemorrhages in the blood vessels in the skin
What is Raynaud phenomenon?
Numbness or pain in the fingers caused by arterial spasms
What is coronary artery disease?
Refers to any condition that reduces the nourishment the heart receives from the blood flowing through its arteries
What is aortic stenosis?
Narrowing of the aorta
What is coarctation of the aorta?
Abnormal narrowing of the aorta
What is stenosis?
Narrowing of a blood vessel
What is pulmonary artery stenosis?
Stops the flow of blood to the lungs
What is angina or angina pectoris?
Cardiac pain
What is myocardial infarction?
A disruption in the heart’s activity usually caused by blockage of blood flow to a coronary artery (a heart attack)
What is cardiac arrest or asystole?
Sudden stopping of the heart
What are endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis, and bacterial endocarditis?
Specific inflammations of the heart
What is congestive heart failure?
Occurs when the heart is unable to pump the necessary amount of blood
What is pulmonary edema?
accumulation of fluid in the lungs
What is an intracardiac tumor?
A tumor in a heart chamber
What is cardiomyopathy?
disease of the heart muscle
What is aortic regurgitation or aortic reflux?
backward flow of blood through the aortic valve
What is mitral stenosis?
Abnormal narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve
What is mitral insufficiency or mitral reflux?
Backward flow of blood through the mitral valve
What is mitral valve prolapse?
Backward flow of blood due to the abnormal protrusion of one or both of the mitral cusps into the left atrium
What is tricuspid stenosis?
Abnormal narrowing of the opening of the tricuspid valve
What is valvulitis?
General term for a heart valve inflammation
What is rheumatic heart disease?
Damage to the heart, usually to the valves, caused by an untreated streptococcal infection
What is vegetation?
A clot on a heart valve or opening
What is congenital heart disease?
Results from a condition present at birth
What is patent ductus arteriosus?
A disease in which a small duct remains open at birth
What is a septal defect?
An abnormal opening in the septum between the atria and ventricles
What is tetralogy of Fallot?
A combination of four congenital heart abnormalities that appear together (ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, incorrect position of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy)
What is a balloon catheter dilation or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)?
A balloon catheter used to open the passageway inside a blood vessel so that blood can flow freely
What is balloon valvuloplasty?
involves the use of a balloon catheter to open narrowed cardiac valve openings
What is angioplasty or coronary angioplasty?
The opening of a blood vessel using a balloon catheter
What is cardiac angioscopy?
Use of a fiberoptic catheter to view the interior of a blood vessel
What is endovascular surgery?
Surgery that requires the use of cardiac catherization
What is a stent or an intravascular stent?
Used to hold open a blood vessel passageway during surgery
What is bypass?
A creation of a detour around blockages
What is coronary bypass surgery or a coronary artery bypass graft?
Performed to attach a vessel to be used for the bypass
What is cardiopulmonary bypass?
A procedure which circulates the blood through a heart-lung machine and back into systemic circulation
What is a heart transplant?
Surgical removal and replacement of the entire heart
What is a valve replacement?
The removal and replacement of a heart valve
What is a thrombectomy?
Surgical removal of a thrombus
What is an embolectomy?
Surgical removal of an embolus
What is an atherectomy?
Surgical removal of an atheroma
What is a hemorrhoidectomy?
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
What is endarterectomy?
removes the diseased lining of an artery
What is an arteriotomy?
an incision into an artery to remove a clot
What is a valvotomy?
The incision into a cardiac valve to remove an obstruction
What is a venipuncture?
A small puncture made in the skin for the purpose of drawing blood (phlebotomy)
What is a valvuloplasty?
surgical reconstruction of a cardiac valve
What is an anastomosis?
Surgical procedure to connect blood vessels and to implant devices such as a pacemaker
What are antianginals?
Medication to relieve pain and prevent attacks of angina
What are thrombolytics?
Medication used to dissolve blood clots in heart attack victims
What are antihypertensives?
Blood pressure meds
What are vasodilators?
Relax the walls of the blood vessels to regulate blood pressure
What are diuretics?
Medication used to relieve edema and increase kidney function
What are cardiotonics?
Medication used to increase myocardial contractions
What are vasocontrictors?
Medication used to narrow blood vessels
What are antiarrhythmics?
Medication used to normalize heart rate
What do lipid-lowering meds do?
Help the body excrete unwanted cholesterol
What are anticoagulants?
Medication that inhibits the ability of the blood to clot
Abbreviations: AV
atrioventricular
Abbreviations: BP
Blood pressure
Abbreviations: CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
Abbreviations: CAD
Coronary artery disease
Abbreviations: CO
cardiac output
Abbreviations: CPK
creatine phosphokinase
Abbreviations: EKG, ECG
electrocardiogram
Abbreviations: HDL
high-density lipoprotein
Abbreviations: LDL
Low-density lipoprotein
Abbreviations: LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
Abbreviations: MI
myocardial infarction
Abbreviations: MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
Abbreviations: PAC
premature atrial contractions
Abbreviations: PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Abbreviations: PVC
premature ventricular contractions
Abbreviations: SA
sinoatrial
Abbreviations: SV
stroke volume
Abbreviations: VHDL
very high-density lipoprotein
Abbreviations: VLDL
very low-density lipoprotein
