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Medical Terminology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Combining form: stomat/o

A

mouth

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2
Q

Combining form: dent/o, odont/o

A

teeth

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3
Q

Combining form: gloss/o, lingu/o

A

tongue

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4
Q

Combining form: cheil/o

A

lips

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5
Q

Combining form: gingiv/o

A

gums

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6
Q

Combining form: esophag/o

A

esophagus

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7
Q

Combining form: pharyng/o

A

pharynx

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8
Q

Combining form: gastr/o

A

stomach

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9
Q

Combining form: enter/o

A

intestine

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10
Q

Combining form: duoden/o

A

duodenum

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11
Q

Combining form: jejun/o

A

jejunum

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12
Q

Combining form: ile/o

A

ileum

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13
Q

Combining form: colon/o

A

colon

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14
Q

Combining form: sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

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15
Q

Combining form: rect/o

A

rectum

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16
Q

Combining form: proct/o

A

anus and rectum

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17
Q

Combining form: hepat/o

A

liver

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18
Q

Combining form: cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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19
Q

Combining form: chole

A

gall

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20
Q

Combining form: cyst/o

A

bladder

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21
Q

Combining form: pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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22
Q

Combining form: saliv/o

A

salivary glands

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23
Q

Define: digestion

A

the process of breaking down foods into nutrients that can be absorbed by cells

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24
Q

Define: absorption

A

the passing of digested nutrients into the bloodstream

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25
Q

Define: elimination

A

the conversion of any residual material from a liquid to a solid and removal of that material from the alimentary canal via defecation

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26
Q

Define: alimentary canal

A

digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract

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27
Q

Describe the path of food through the digestive tract

A

Food enter the mouth, passes through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, then into the small intestine and large intestine, or bowels, and then into the anal canal

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28
Q

Define: mastication

A

swallowing

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29
Q

Define: frenulum

A

mucous membrane that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth

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30
Q

Define: lingual tonsils

A

two rounded mounds of lymphatic tissue at the back of the tongue that play an important role in the immune system

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31
Q

Define: hard palate

A

the hard anterior part of the roof of the mouth with irregular ridges of mucous membrane

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32
Q

Define: rugae

A

irregular ridges of mucous membrane on the roof of the mouth

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33
Q

Define: soft palate

A

the soft posterior part of the roof of the mouth

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34
Q

Define: uvula

A

a downward cone-shaped projection located at the back of the soft palate

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35
Q

Define: salivary glands

A

three sets of glands surrounding the oral cavity that secrete saliva

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36
Q

Define: saliva

A

a fluid containing enzymes that aid in breaking down food

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37
Q

Define: amylase

A

an enzyme in saliva that begins the digestion of carbohydrates

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38
Q

Define: reflux

A

backflow

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39
Q

Define: emesis or regurgitation

A

vomiting

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40
Q

Define: pepsin

A

an enzyme in the gastric juices that begins protein digestion

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41
Q

Define: chyme

A

a semifluid mass created by the muscular movements of the stomach and the mixing of food with gastric juice

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42
Q

What is the cardiac region?

A

The first region of the stomach that is closest to the heart

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43
Q

What is the fundus region?

A

The upper, rounded region of the stomach,

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44
Q

What is the body region?

A

the middle portion of the stomach

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45
Q

What is the pylorus region?

A

The narrowed bottom part of the stomach

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46
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum

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47
Q

Define: duodenum

A

part of the small intestine, only about 10 inches long that mixes bile with chyme to aid in fat digestion

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48
Q

Define: jejunum

A

part of the small intestine that is 8 feet long

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49
Q

Define: ileum

A

Part of the small intestine that connects the small intestine to the large intestine

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50
Q

Define: mesentery

A

a membranous tissue that attaches both the small intestine and large intestine to the muscle wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen

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51
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

About 20 feet long

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52
Q

What are the four parts of the large intestine?

A

The cecum, the colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum

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53
Q

Define: cecum

A

part of the large intestine - a pouch attached to the bottom of the ileum of the small intestine

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54
Q

Define: colon

A

part of the large intestine that further divides into three parts: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, and the descending colon

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55
Q

Define: sigmoid colon

A

An s-shaped body in the large intestine that geos across the pelvis to the middle of the sacrum

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56
Q

What is a liver?

A

an important digestive organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity

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57
Q

What is bile?

A

A yellowish-brown fluid secreted by the liver that helps break down fats

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58
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

a bile pigment that is combined with bile and excreted into the duodenum

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59
Q

What is a gallbladder?

A

An organ that is involved in the production, storage, and transportation of bile

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60
Q

What is emulsification?

A

the breaking down of fats

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61
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

a 5-6 inch long organ that secretes digestive fluids into the small intestine

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62
Q

What is lipase?

A

a digestive enzyme

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63
Q

Define: anoplasty

A

surgical repair of the anus

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64
Q

Define: appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

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65
Q

Define: biliverdin

A

green bile pigment

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66
Q

Define: buccogingival

A

pertains to checks and gums

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67
Q

Define: cecopexy

A

surgical repair or fixing of the cecum to correct excessive mobility

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68
Q

Define: celioma

A

a tumor in the abdomen

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69
Q

Define: choleic

A

pertaining to bile

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70
Q

Define: cholangiogram

A

an x-ray image of the bile vessels

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71
Q

Define: cholecystectomy

A

removal of the gallbladder

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72
Q

Define: choledochotomy

A

an incision into the common bile duct

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73
Q

Define: colectomy

A

removal of part or all of the colon

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74
Q

Define: duodenitis

A

inflammation of the duodenum

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75
Q

Define: enteropathy

A

any intestinal disease

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76
Q

Define: esophagoscopy

A

examination of the interior of the esophagus

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77
Q

Define: gastralgia

A

stomach ache

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78
Q

Define: glossopharyngeal

A

relates to the tongue and pharynx

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79
Q

Define: glucogenesis

A

the formation of glucose

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80
Q

Define: glycosuria

A

abnormal excretion of carbohydrates in urine

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81
Q

Define: glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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82
Q

Define: hepatitis

A

liver disease or inflammation of the liver

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83
Q

Define: ileitis

A

inflammation of the ileum

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84
Q

Define: jejunostomy

A

surgical opening to the outside of the body for the jejunum

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85
Q

Define: labioplasty

A

surgical repair of the lips

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86
Q

Define: linguodental

A

pertaining to the tongue and the teeth

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87
Q

Define: orofacial

A

pertains to the mouth and the face

88
Q

Define: pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

89
Q

Define: peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

90
Q

Define: pharyngotonsillitis

A

inflammation of the tonsils and the pharynx

91
Q

Define: proctologist

A

a specialist in the study and treatment of diseases of the anus and rectum

92
Q

Define: pylorospasm

A

involuntary contraction of the pylorus

93
Q

Define: rectoabdominal

A

relates to the rectum and abdomen

94
Q

Define: sialism

A

excessive secretion of saliva

95
Q

Define: sialadenitis

A

inflammation of the salivary glands

96
Q

Define: sigmoidoscopy

A

visual examination of the sigmoid colon

97
Q

Define: steatorrhea

A

greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces

98
Q

Define: stomatitis

A

inflammation of the lining of the mouth

99
Q

What is an esophagoscopy?

A

the use of an esophagoscope to illuminate the esophagus

100
Q

What is a gastroscopy?

A

examination of the stomach using a gastroscope

101
Q

What is a colonoscopy?

A

An examination of the colon using an endoscope

102
Q

What is a proctoscopy?

A

an examination of the rectum and anus using a proctoscope

103
Q

What is a sigmoidoscopy?

A

an examination of the sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope

104
Q

What is a peritoneoscopy?

A

examination of the abdominal cavity with an instrument called a peritoneoscope

105
Q

What is cholangiograpy?

A

an x-ray of the bile ducts

106
Q

What is cholecystography?

A

an x-ray of the gallbladder after the patient swallows iodine

107
Q

Define: anorexia nervosa

A

severe form of anorexia where someone refuses to eat because the person wishes to be dangerously thin

108
Q

Define: bulimia

A

a disease wherein bingeing on food and then purposely purging or vomiting is also a quest for abnormal weight loss

109
Q

Define: cheilitis

A

inflammation of the lips

110
Q

Define: glossitis

A

inflammation of the tongue

111
Q

Define: sialoadenitis

A

inflammation of the salivary glands

112
Q

Define: parotitis or parotiditis

A

inflammation of the parotid glands

113
Q

Define: halitosis

A

unusually foul mouth odor

114
Q

Define: ankyloglossia

A

a condition in which the tongue is partially or completely attached to the floor of the mouth

115
Q

Define: aphagia

A

an inability to swallow

116
Q

Define: dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

117
Q

Define: esophagitis

A

any inflammation of the esophagus

118
Q

Define: achalasia

A

the failure of the same esophageal sphincter to relax during swallowing and allow food to pass easily from the esophagus into the stomach to continue the digestive process

119
Q

Define: achlorhydria

A

the lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

120
Q

Define: dyspepsia

A

difficulty in digesting food

121
Q

Define: gastritis

A

any stomach inflammation

122
Q

Define: gastroenteritis

A

an inflammation of both the stomach and small intestine

123
Q

Define: flatulence

A

an accumulation of gas in the stomach or intestines

124
Q

Define: eructation

A

release of stomach gas through the mouth

125
Q

Define: nausea

A

sick feeling in the stomach caused by illness or the ingestion of spoiled food

126
Q

Define: hematemesis

A

the vomiting of blood from the stomach

127
Q

Define: peptic ulcer

A

a sore on the mucous membrane of any part of the gastrointestinal system

128
Q

Define: hiatal hernia

A

a protrusion of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm

129
Q

Define: jaundice or icterus

A

when excessive bilirubin in the blood causes a yellow discoloration of the skin

130
Q

Define: hyperbilirubinemia

A

excessive bilirubin in the blood

131
Q

Define: hepatomegaly

A

an enlarged liver

132
Q

Define: hepatopathy

A

a general term for liver disease

133
Q

Define: hepatitis

A

the term for several types of contagious diseases, some of which are sexually transmitted

134
Q

Define: cirrhosis

A

chronic liver disease usually caused by poor nutrition

135
Q

Define: pancreatitis

A

an inflammation of the pancreas

136
Q

Define: gallstones or cholelithiasis

A

calculi that block the bile from leaving the gallbladder

137
Q

Define: cholangitis

A

any inflammation of the bile ducts

138
Q

Define: cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

139
Q

Define: duodenal ulcers

A

a type of peptic ulcer that are thought to be bacterial

140
Q

Define: appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix, which usually requires surgery to prevent the appendix from bursting

141
Q

Define: ileus

A

intestinal blockage

142
Q

Define: enteritis or colitis

A

general terms for inflammation of the small intestine

143
Q

Define: ulcerative colitis

A

a chronic type of inflammatory bowel disease with recurring ulcers and inflammation

144
Q

Define: Crohn disease

A

another type of inflammatory bowel disease with symptoms similar to ulcerative colitis but lacking ulcers and sometimes having fistulas

145
Q

Define: fistulas

A

abnormal passages or openings in tissue walls

146
Q

Define: colic

A

a condition of gastrointestinal distress due to allergies, an underdeveloped digestive tract or other conditions

147
Q

Define: diverticulosis

A

a condition in which small pouches in the intestinal wall trap food and bacteria

148
Q

Define: diverticula

A

small pouched in the intestinal wall

149
Q

Define: diverticulitis

A

inflammation of the diverticula

150
Q

Define: ileitis

A

inflammation of the ileum

151
Q

Define: dysentery

A

general term for irritation of the intestinal tract with loose stools and other symptoms

152
Q

Define: polyposis

A

general term for a condition in which polyps develop in the intestinal tract

153
Q

Define: volvulus

A

an intestinal blockage caused by twisting of the intestine

154
Q

Define: intussusception

A

is the telescoping of the intestine

155
Q

Define: ascites

A

a condition where the abdominal and peritoneal regions surrounding the intestinal tract can become filled with fluid

156
Q

Define: peritonitis

A

a condition where the abdominal and peritoneal regions surrounding the intestinal tract can become inflamed

157
Q

Define: proctitis

A

inflammation of the rectum and the anus

158
Q

Define: constipation

A

a condition with infrequent or difficult release of bowel movements

159
Q

Define: diarrhea

A

loose, watery stools that may be the result of insufficient roughage or of an internal disorder

160
Q

Define: flatus

A

release of gas through the anus

161
Q

Define: melena

A

a condition in which blood that is not fresh appears in the stool as a black, tarry mass

162
Q

Define: hematochezia

A

bright red blood in the stool

163
Q

Define: steatorrhea

A

fat in the stool

164
Q

Define: anal fistula

A

a small opening in the anal canal

165
Q

Define: hemorroids

A

swollen, twisted veins on the anus that can cause greats discomfort

166
Q

What is abdominocentesis or paracentesis?

A

a surgical puncture to remove fluid or relieve pressure in the abdominal cavity

167
Q

What is a cholelithotomy?

A

an incision for the removal of stones

168
Q

What is a choledocholithotomy?

A

an incision for the removal of stones in the common bile duct

169
Q

What is a cholelithotripsy?

A

the crushing of gallstones using sound waves or other techniques

170
Q

What is a glossorrhaphy?

A

tongue suturing

171
Q

What is an esophagoplasty?

A

esophagus repair

172
Q

What is a proctoplasty?

A

repair of the rectum and anus

173
Q

What is a glossectomy?

A

removal of the tongue

174
Q

What is a polypectomy?

A

the removal of polyps, particularly in areas such as the colon

175
Q

What is an appendectomy?

A

the removal of a diseased appendix that is in danger of rupturing

176
Q

What is a cholecystectomy?

A

the removal of the gallbladder

177
Q

What is a diverticulectomy?

A

removal of the diverticula

178
Q

What is a gastrectomy?

A

the removal of some or all of the stomach

179
Q

What is a gastric resection or gastric bypass?

A

a procedure that removes a portion of the stomach to limit overeating as a treatment for obesity

180
Q

What is a colectomy?

A

the removal of some or all of the colon

181
Q

What is a pancreatectomy?

A

a removal of the pancreas

182
Q

What is a hemorrhoidectomy?

A

the removal of hemorrhoids

183
Q

What is a hepatic lobectomy?

A

a removal of one or more lobes of the liver

184
Q

What is a liver biopsy?

A

a procedure to determine the extent of a diseased liver

185
Q

What is a anal fistulectomy?

A

the removal of an anal fistula

186
Q

What are Billroth 1 and Billroth 2?

A

Two types of operations; the first being the excision of the pylorus and the second being the resectioning of the pylorus with the stomach

187
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

A surgical union of two hollow tubes that is sometimes used to bypass parts of the intestines, as in the case of removal of a section of the intestines

188
Q

What is an ileostomy?

A

the creation of an opening in the abdomen that is attached to the ileum to allow fecal matter to discharge into a bag outside the body

189
Q

What is a colostomy?

A

an opening in the colon to the abdominal wall to create a place for waste to exit the body other than through the anus

190
Q

What are antacids?

A

A drug that neutralizes stomach acid

191
Q

What are antiemetics?

A

A drug that prevents vomiting

192
Q

What are antipasmodics?

A

A drug that relieves spasms in the gastrointestinal tract

193
Q

What are laxatives?

A

A drug that stimulates the movement of bowels

194
Q

What are cathertics?

A

a drug that induces vomiting

195
Q

What are antidiarrheals?

A

A drug that helps to control loose, watery stools

196
Q

Abbreviations: ALT

A

alanine aminotransferase

197
Q

Abbreviations: AST

A

aspartate aminotransferase

198
Q

Abbreviations: BM

A

bowel movement

199
Q

Abbreviations: BMI

A

body mass index

200
Q

Abbreviations: EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

201
Q

Abbreviations: GB

A

gallbladder

202
Q

Abbreviations: GI

A

gastrointestinal

203
Q

Abbreviations: HAV

A

hepatitis A

204
Q

Abbreviations: HBV

A

hepatitis b

205
Q

Abbreviations: HCV

A

hepatitis c

206
Q

Abbreviations: HDV

A

hepatitis d

207
Q

Abbreviations: HEV

A

hepatitis e

208
Q

Abbreviations: IBD

A

inflammatory bowel disease

209
Q

Abbreviations: IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome

210
Q

Abbreviations: LFT

A

liver function test

211
Q

Abbreviations: NG

A

nasogastric

212
Q

Abbreviations: PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease

213
Q

Abbreviations: SGOT

A

serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

214
Q

Abbreviations: SGPT

A

serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase

215
Q

Abbreviations: TPN

A

total parental nutrition

216
Q

Abbreviations: UGI

A

upper gastrointestinal

Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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