The Digestive System Flashcards
Combining form: stomat/o
mouth
Combining form: dent/o, odont/o
teeth
Combining form: gloss/o, lingu/o
tongue
Combining form: cheil/o
lips
Combining form: gingiv/o
gums
Combining form: esophag/o
esophagus
Combining form: pharyng/o
pharynx
Combining form: gastr/o
stomach
Combining form: enter/o
intestine
Combining form: duoden/o
duodenum
Combining form: jejun/o
jejunum
Combining form: ile/o
ileum
Combining form: colon/o
colon
Combining form: sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
Combining form: rect/o
rectum
Combining form: proct/o
anus and rectum
Combining form: hepat/o
liver
Combining form: cholecyst/o
gallbladder
Combining form: chole
gall
Combining form: cyst/o
bladder
Combining form: pancreat/o
pancreas
Combining form: saliv/o
salivary glands
Define: digestion
the process of breaking down foods into nutrients that can be absorbed by cells
Define: absorption
the passing of digested nutrients into the bloodstream
Define: elimination
the conversion of any residual material from a liquid to a solid and removal of that material from the alimentary canal via defecation
Define: alimentary canal
digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract
Describe the path of food through the digestive tract
Food enter the mouth, passes through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, then into the small intestine and large intestine, or bowels, and then into the anal canal
Define: mastication
swallowing
Define: frenulum
mucous membrane that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth
Define: lingual tonsils
two rounded mounds of lymphatic tissue at the back of the tongue that play an important role in the immune system
Define: hard palate
the hard anterior part of the roof of the mouth with irregular ridges of mucous membrane
Define: rugae
irregular ridges of mucous membrane on the roof of the mouth
Define: soft palate
the soft posterior part of the roof of the mouth
Define: uvula
a downward cone-shaped projection located at the back of the soft palate
Define: salivary glands
three sets of glands surrounding the oral cavity that secrete saliva
Define: saliva
a fluid containing enzymes that aid in breaking down food
Define: amylase
an enzyme in saliva that begins the digestion of carbohydrates
Define: reflux
backflow
Define: emesis or regurgitation
vomiting
Define: pepsin
an enzyme in the gastric juices that begins protein digestion
Define: chyme
a semifluid mass created by the muscular movements of the stomach and the mixing of food with gastric juice
What is the cardiac region?
The first region of the stomach that is closest to the heart
What is the fundus region?
The upper, rounded region of the stomach,
What is the body region?
the middle portion of the stomach
What is the pylorus region?
The narrowed bottom part of the stomach
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum
Define: duodenum
part of the small intestine, only about 10 inches long that mixes bile with chyme to aid in fat digestion
Define: jejunum
part of the small intestine that is 8 feet long
Define: ileum
Part of the small intestine that connects the small intestine to the large intestine
Define: mesentery
a membranous tissue that attaches both the small intestine and large intestine to the muscle wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen
How long is the small intestine?
About 20 feet long
What are the four parts of the large intestine?
The cecum, the colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum
Define: cecum
part of the large intestine - a pouch attached to the bottom of the ileum of the small intestine
Define: colon
part of the large intestine that further divides into three parts: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, and the descending colon
Define: sigmoid colon
An s-shaped body in the large intestine that geos across the pelvis to the middle of the sacrum
What is a liver?
an important digestive organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity
What is bile?
A yellowish-brown fluid secreted by the liver that helps break down fats
What is bilirubin?
a bile pigment that is combined with bile and excreted into the duodenum
What is a gallbladder?
An organ that is involved in the production, storage, and transportation of bile
What is emulsification?
the breaking down of fats
What is the pancreas?
a 5-6 inch long organ that secretes digestive fluids into the small intestine
What is lipase?
a digestive enzyme
Define: anoplasty
surgical repair of the anus
Define: appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
Define: biliverdin
green bile pigment
Define: buccogingival
pertains to checks and gums
Define: cecopexy
surgical repair or fixing of the cecum to correct excessive mobility
Define: celioma
a tumor in the abdomen
Define: choleic
pertaining to bile
Define: cholangiogram
an x-ray image of the bile vessels
Define: cholecystectomy
removal of the gallbladder
Define: choledochotomy
an incision into the common bile duct
Define: colectomy
removal of part or all of the colon
Define: duodenitis
inflammation of the duodenum
Define: enteropathy
any intestinal disease
Define: esophagoscopy
examination of the interior of the esophagus
Define: gastralgia
stomach ache
Define: glossopharyngeal
relates to the tongue and pharynx
Define: glucogenesis
the formation of glucose
Define: glycosuria
abnormal excretion of carbohydrates in urine
Define: glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Define: hepatitis
liver disease or inflammation of the liver
Define: ileitis
inflammation of the ileum
Define: jejunostomy
surgical opening to the outside of the body for the jejunum
Define: labioplasty
surgical repair of the lips
Define: linguodental
pertaining to the tongue and the teeth
Define: orofacial
pertains to the mouth and the face
Define: pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
Define: peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
Define: pharyngotonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils and the pharynx
Define: proctologist
a specialist in the study and treatment of diseases of the anus and rectum
Define: pylorospasm
involuntary contraction of the pylorus
Define: rectoabdominal
relates to the rectum and abdomen
Define: sialism
excessive secretion of saliva
Define: sialadenitis
inflammation of the salivary glands
Define: sigmoidoscopy
visual examination of the sigmoid colon
Define: steatorrhea
greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces
Define: stomatitis
inflammation of the lining of the mouth
What is an esophagoscopy?
the use of an esophagoscope to illuminate the esophagus
What is a gastroscopy?
examination of the stomach using a gastroscope
What is a colonoscopy?
An examination of the colon using an endoscope
What is a proctoscopy?
an examination of the rectum and anus using a proctoscope
What is a sigmoidoscopy?
an examination of the sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope
What is a peritoneoscopy?
examination of the abdominal cavity with an instrument called a peritoneoscope
What is cholangiograpy?
an x-ray of the bile ducts
What is cholecystography?
an x-ray of the gallbladder after the patient swallows iodine
Define: anorexia nervosa
severe form of anorexia where someone refuses to eat because the person wishes to be dangerously thin
Define: bulimia
a disease wherein bingeing on food and then purposely purging or vomiting is also a quest for abnormal weight loss
Define: cheilitis
inflammation of the lips
Define: glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
Define: sialoadenitis
inflammation of the salivary glands
Define: parotitis or parotiditis
inflammation of the parotid glands
Define: halitosis
unusually foul mouth odor
Define: ankyloglossia
a condition in which the tongue is partially or completely attached to the floor of the mouth
Define: aphagia
an inability to swallow
Define: dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
Define: esophagitis
any inflammation of the esophagus
Define: achalasia
the failure of the same esophageal sphincter to relax during swallowing and allow food to pass easily from the esophagus into the stomach to continue the digestive process
Define: achlorhydria
the lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Define: dyspepsia
difficulty in digesting food
Define: gastritis
any stomach inflammation
Define: gastroenteritis
an inflammation of both the stomach and small intestine
Define: flatulence
an accumulation of gas in the stomach or intestines
Define: eructation
release of stomach gas through the mouth
Define: nausea
sick feeling in the stomach caused by illness or the ingestion of spoiled food
Define: hematemesis
the vomiting of blood from the stomach
Define: peptic ulcer
a sore on the mucous membrane of any part of the gastrointestinal system
Define: hiatal hernia
a protrusion of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm
Define: jaundice or icterus
when excessive bilirubin in the blood causes a yellow discoloration of the skin
Define: hyperbilirubinemia
excessive bilirubin in the blood
Define: hepatomegaly
an enlarged liver
Define: hepatopathy
a general term for liver disease
Define: hepatitis
the term for several types of contagious diseases, some of which are sexually transmitted
Define: cirrhosis
chronic liver disease usually caused by poor nutrition
Define: pancreatitis
an inflammation of the pancreas
Define: gallstones or cholelithiasis
calculi that block the bile from leaving the gallbladder
Define: cholangitis
any inflammation of the bile ducts
Define: cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
Define: duodenal ulcers
a type of peptic ulcer that are thought to be bacterial
Define: appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix, which usually requires surgery to prevent the appendix from bursting
Define: ileus
intestinal blockage
Define: enteritis or colitis
general terms for inflammation of the small intestine
Define: ulcerative colitis
a chronic type of inflammatory bowel disease with recurring ulcers and inflammation
Define: Crohn disease
another type of inflammatory bowel disease with symptoms similar to ulcerative colitis but lacking ulcers and sometimes having fistulas
Define: fistulas
abnormal passages or openings in tissue walls
Define: colic
a condition of gastrointestinal distress due to allergies, an underdeveloped digestive tract or other conditions
Define: diverticulosis
a condition in which small pouches in the intestinal wall trap food and bacteria
Define: diverticula
small pouched in the intestinal wall
Define: diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticula
Define: ileitis
inflammation of the ileum
Define: dysentery
general term for irritation of the intestinal tract with loose stools and other symptoms
Define: polyposis
general term for a condition in which polyps develop in the intestinal tract
Define: volvulus
an intestinal blockage caused by twisting of the intestine
Define: intussusception
is the telescoping of the intestine
Define: ascites
a condition where the abdominal and peritoneal regions surrounding the intestinal tract can become filled with fluid
Define: peritonitis
a condition where the abdominal and peritoneal regions surrounding the intestinal tract can become inflamed
Define: proctitis
inflammation of the rectum and the anus
Define: constipation
a condition with infrequent or difficult release of bowel movements
Define: diarrhea
loose, watery stools that may be the result of insufficient roughage or of an internal disorder
Define: flatus
release of gas through the anus
Define: melena
a condition in which blood that is not fresh appears in the stool as a black, tarry mass
Define: hematochezia
bright red blood in the stool
Define: steatorrhea
fat in the stool
Define: anal fistula
a small opening in the anal canal
Define: hemorroids
swollen, twisted veins on the anus that can cause greats discomfort
What is abdominocentesis or paracentesis?
a surgical puncture to remove fluid or relieve pressure in the abdominal cavity
What is a cholelithotomy?
an incision for the removal of stones
What is a choledocholithotomy?
an incision for the removal of stones in the common bile duct
What is a cholelithotripsy?
the crushing of gallstones using sound waves or other techniques
What is a glossorrhaphy?
tongue suturing
What is an esophagoplasty?
esophagus repair
What is a proctoplasty?
repair of the rectum and anus
What is a glossectomy?
removal of the tongue
What is a polypectomy?
the removal of polyps, particularly in areas such as the colon
What is an appendectomy?
the removal of a diseased appendix that is in danger of rupturing
What is a cholecystectomy?
the removal of the gallbladder
What is a diverticulectomy?
removal of the diverticula
What is a gastrectomy?
the removal of some or all of the stomach
What is a gastric resection or gastric bypass?
a procedure that removes a portion of the stomach to limit overeating as a treatment for obesity
What is a colectomy?
the removal of some or all of the colon
What is a pancreatectomy?
a removal of the pancreas
What is a hemorrhoidectomy?
the removal of hemorrhoids
What is a hepatic lobectomy?
a removal of one or more lobes of the liver
What is a liver biopsy?
a procedure to determine the extent of a diseased liver
What is a anal fistulectomy?
the removal of an anal fistula
What are Billroth 1 and Billroth 2?
Two types of operations; the first being the excision of the pylorus and the second being the resectioning of the pylorus with the stomach
What is anastomosis?
A surgical union of two hollow tubes that is sometimes used to bypass parts of the intestines, as in the case of removal of a section of the intestines
What is an ileostomy?
the creation of an opening in the abdomen that is attached to the ileum to allow fecal matter to discharge into a bag outside the body
What is a colostomy?
an opening in the colon to the abdominal wall to create a place for waste to exit the body other than through the anus
What are antacids?
A drug that neutralizes stomach acid
What are antiemetics?
A drug that prevents vomiting
What are antipasmodics?
A drug that relieves spasms in the gastrointestinal tract
What are laxatives?
A drug that stimulates the movement of bowels
What are cathertics?
a drug that induces vomiting
What are antidiarrheals?
A drug that helps to control loose, watery stools
Abbreviations: ALT
alanine aminotransferase
Abbreviations: AST
aspartate aminotransferase
Abbreviations: BM
bowel movement
Abbreviations: BMI
body mass index
Abbreviations: EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Abbreviations: GB
gallbladder
Abbreviations: GI
gastrointestinal
Abbreviations: HAV
hepatitis A
Abbreviations: HBV
hepatitis b
Abbreviations: HCV
hepatitis c
Abbreviations: HDV
hepatitis d
Abbreviations: HEV
hepatitis e
Abbreviations: IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
Abbreviations: IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
Abbreviations: LFT
liver function test
Abbreviations: NG
nasogastric
Abbreviations: PUD
peptic ulcer disease
Abbreviations: SGOT
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
Abbreviations: SGPT
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
Abbreviations: TPN
total parental nutrition
Abbreviations: UGI
upper gastrointestinal
