Endocrine System Flashcards
Describe the endocrine system.
A group of glands that act as the body’s master regulator. It helps to maintain homeostasis by regulating the production of chemicals that affect most functions in the body.
Hormones related to: hypothalamus
pituitary-regulating hormones
Hormones related to: neurohypophysis (pituitary gland - posterior)
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH), vasopressin
- oxytocin
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Hormones related to: adenohypophysis (pituitary gland - anterior)
- growth hormone (GH), somatotrophic hormone
- thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) prolactin
Hormones related to: thyroid
- thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)
- calcitonin
Hormones related to: parathyroid
parathormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Hormones related to: adrenal medulla
epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Hormones related to: adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
Hormones related to: pancreas
insulin, glucagons
Hormones related to: pineal gland
melatonin
Hormones related to: ovaries
estrogen, progesterone
Hormones related to: testes
androgen, testosterone
Hormones related to: thymus gland
thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), factor thymic serum (FTS)
Function of: hypothalamus
either stimulates or inhibits pituitary secretions
Function of: neurohypophysis (pituitary gland - posterior)
- increases water reabsorption
- stimulates uterine contractions and lactation
- stimulates the production of melanin
Function of: adenohypohysis (pituitary gland - anterior)
- stimulates bone and muscle growth
- stimulates thyroid gland to secrete hormones
- stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones
- stimulates development of ova and production of female hormones
- stimulates breast development and milk production
Function of: thyroid
- regulates metabolism, stimulates growth
- lowers blood calcium as necessary to maintain homeostasis
Function of: parathyroid
increases blood calcium as necessary to maintain homeostasis
Function of: adrenal medulla
works with the sympathetic nervous system to react to stress
Function of: adrenal cortex
affects metabolism and growth; aids in electrolyte and fluid balances
Function of: pancreas
maintains homeostasis in blood glucose concentration
Function of: pineal gland
affects sexual functions and wake-sleep cycles
Function of: ovaries
promotes development of female sex characteristics, menstrual cycle, reproductive functions
Function of: testes
promotes development of male sex characteristics, sperm production
Function of: thymus gland
aids in development of T cells and some B cells; function not well understood
Combining form: aden/o
gland
Combining form: adren/o, adrenal/o
adrenal glands
Combining form: gluc/o
glucose
Combining form: glyc/o
glycogen
Combining form: gonad/o
sex glands
Combining form: pancreat/o
pancreas
Combining form: parathyroid/o
parathyroid
Combining form: thyr/o, thryroid/o
thyroid gland
Describe: glands
tissues that secrete hormones
Describe: hormones
specialized chemicals
Describe: target cells
cells that have receptors
Describe: exocrine glands
secrete substances into ducts directed toward a specific location
Describe: endocrine glands
secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Tell me about: hypothalamus
part of the nervous system that serves as an endocrine gland
Tell me about: releasing factor
allowing the secretion of hormones to take place
Tell me about: inhibiting factor
preventing the secretion of other hormones
Tell me about: pineal gland
Located superior and posterior to the pituitary gland and releases melatonin
Tell me about: melatonin
A hormone that is believed to affect sleep and the functioning of the gonads
Tell me about: pituitary gland
Located at the base of the brain. Consists of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
Tell me about: thyroid gland
Consists of a left lobe and a right lobe that sit on either side of the trachea.
Tell me about: isthmus
A narrow strip of tissue on the ventral surface of the trachea that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland
Tell me about: metabolism
The chemical changes in cells that provide energy for vital processes and activities and through which new material is assimilated)
Tell me about: parathyroid glands
Four oval-shaped glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid. Helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels
Tell me about: thymus gland
Endocrine gland but also part of the immune system
Tell me about: adrenal glands
A pair of glands that sit on top of the kidneys. Regular electrolytes in the body.
Tell me about: pancreas
Helps maintain proper levels of glucose. Secrets insulin and glucagon.
Tell me about: ovaries
In the female pelvic region, one on top of each fallopian tube. Produce the immature egg cell
Tell me about: testes
Located in the scrotum and produce spermatozoa
What is: pancreatitis?
Inflammation of the pancreas
What is: glycolysis?
Conversion of glycogen to glucose
What is: adenopathy?
Glandular or lymph node disease
What is: gonadotropin?
Hormone that aids in growth of gonads
What is: glucogensis?
Production of glucose
What is: adrenomegaly?
Enlargement of the adrenal gland
What is: thyrotoxic?
Having excessive amounts of thyroid hormones
What is: parathyroidectomy?
Excision of the parathyroid glands
What is: a fasting blood sugar test?
A blood sugar test after 12 hours of fasting
What is: radioactive immunoassay?
A test that uses radioactive iodine to locate various substances in the plasma
What is: thyroid function test or study?
Blood test that measures the various hormones secreted by the thyroid
What is: radioactive iodine uptake?
Measure of how quickly the thyroid gland absorbs ingested iodine.
What is: thyroid scan?
Test for cancer or other abnormalities using radionuclide imaging
Define: hypersecretion?
Oversecretion of one or more hormone
Define: hyposecretion
Under secretion of one or more hormones
Define: acromegaly
hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty
Define: gigantism
Abnormal growth, even up to 8 feet
Define: dwarfism
hyposecretion of growth hormones resulting in stunted growth
Define: diabetes insipidus
A disease with excessive amounts of water excreted in the urine and excessive and constant thirst
Define: polyuria
excessive amount of water excreted in the urine
Define: polydipsia
excessive thirst
Define: Symptom of inappropriate ADH
Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormones which results in excessive water retention
Define: hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid gland causing increased metabolic rate, weight loss, insomnia, and sweating
Define: exophthalmos
Bulging of the eyes
Define: goiter
Caused by hypersecretion of the thyroid gland causing the gland to expand and create a massive growth in the neck
Define: hypothyroidism
underactivity of the thyroid gland, causing sluggishness and slow metabolism, often resulting in obesity.
Define: myxedema
Specific type of hypothyroidism in adults with a range of symptoms including puffiness of the extremities, slow muscular response, and excessively dry skin
Define: hyperparathyroidism
Overactivity of the parathyroid glands. Usually caused by a tumour in the parathyroid gland and often results in many clinical symptoms, from bone loss to severe cases of kidney failure
Define: hypoparathyroidism
Underactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in low blood calcium levels, causing symptoms such as bone loss and some muscle paralysis
Define: tetany
Muscle paralysis
Define: hyperadrenalism
Overactive adrenal gland usually caused by an adrenal tumour
Define: hirsutism
Abnormal hair growth
Define: virilism
A condition with excessive androgen secretion resulting in mature masculine features in children
Define: Cushing syndrome
Administration of steroids to keep the overactivity in balance
Define: Addison disease
Another name for hypoadrenalism. May result in anemia, abnormal skin pigment, and general malaise.
What is: pancreatits?
Inflammation of the pancreas
What is: hypoglycemia?
A lowering of blood sugar that deprives the body of needed glucose
What is: diabetes mellitus?
A widespread disease caused by the hyposecretion of insulin
What is: diabetic nephropathy?
Kidney disease resulting from serious diabetes
What is: diabetic neuropathy?
Loss of sensation to extremities
What is: diabetic retinopathy?
Gradual vision loss leading to blindness
What is: acidosis, ketoacidosis, and ketosis?
Abnormal presence of ketone bodies in the blood and urine
What is: adenectomy?
Removal of any gland.
What is: adrenalectomy?
Removal of the adrenal gland.
What is: hypophysectomy?
Removal of the pituitary gland.
What is: pancreatectomy?
Removal of the pancreas
What is: patathyroidectomy?
Removal of the parathyroid gland
What is: thymectomy?
Removal of the thymus gland
What is: thyroidectomy?
Removal of the thyroid
What is: hormone replacement therapy?
Hormone deficiencies treated by synthetic thyroid, estrogen, and testosterone.
What is: antihypoglycemic?
Raises blood sugar
What is: antihyperglycemic?
Lowers blood sugar
What is: radioactive iodine therapy?
Chemotherpy/radiation
