The Urinary (renal) System

Question 1

Functions of the kidneys

Answer 1

Regulate blood composition
Regulate blood pressure 
Stimulate red blood cell production 
Maintain calcium levels
Clean blood of toxic waste 
Vitamin D activation

Question 2

Renal capsule

Answer 2

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding each kidney

Question 3

Perirenal fat

Answer 3

Engulfs renal capsule and acts as cushioning

Question 4

Renal fascia

Answer 4

Thin layer loose connective tissue

Anchors kidneys and surrounding adipose to abdominal wall

Question 5

Cortex

Answer 5

Outer areas

Renal columns

Question 6

Medulla

Answer 6

Inner area

Surrounds renal sinus

Question 7

Ureter

Answer 7

Exits at the hilum

Connects to urinary bladder

Question 8

Nephron

Answer 8

Functional unite if the kidney
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus

Question 9

Glomerulus

Answer 9

Network of capillaries

Question 10

Afferent arteriole

Answer 10

Blood enters glomerulus through

Question 11

Efferent arteriole

Answer 11

Blood exits glomerulus through

Question 12

3 main processes involved in the regulation of blood composition

Answer 12

Glomerular filtration
Tubular flitration
Tubular secretion

Question 13

Glomerular filtration

Answer 13

Filtering of blood into tubule forming the primitive urine
Filter through glomerular capillaries and Bowman’s capsule
Then flows into PCT
Filter due to size, not blood composition

Question 14

Tubular reabsorption

Answer 14

Absorption of substances needed by the body from the tubule to blood
Occurs at PCT
Active and passive transport
Influence blood and urine - depends on sodium, water ect

Question 15

Tubular secretion

Answer 15

Secretion of substances to be eliminated from the body into the tubule from the blood
Occurs along DCT
Get rid of what didn’t fit through filtration or is unrecognised
Movement of harmful substances to nephron
Passive or active

Question 16

Sodium reabsorption

Answer 16

PCT - reabsorbs 65% of filtered sodium
Loop of Henle - reabsorbs 25%
Distal tubule - reabsorbs 8%
Collecting duct - reabsorbs 2% in presence of aldosterone

Question 17

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 17

Secreted by posterior pituitary gland
Controls permeability of DCT walls and collecting duct
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus snese sodium conc. change in blood
Negative feedback

Question 18

ADH

Answer 18

Increase in ADH - increase permeability - decrease urine volume
Decrease in ADH - decrease in permeability - increase in urine volume

Question 19

Renin secretion increases with

Answer 19

a decrease in blood pressure or sodium concentration

Question 20

Aldosterone

Answer 20

Steroid hormone
Increases reabsorption of sodium from filtrate
Causes water to move back to blood by osmosis
Decreases urine volume

Question 21

Tubular load

Answer 21

Total amount of a substance filtered into nephron each minute

Question 22

Tubular maximum

Answer 22

max rate at which a substance can be reabsorbed

Question 23

The process in which the kidney maintain blood pressure

Answer 23

low BP - Low sodium - high aldosterone - high sodium reabsorption - high water reabsorption - high blood volume - increase in blood pressure

Question 24

Diuretics

Answer 24

Increase rate of urine formation (coffee)
Used to treat hypertension and cirrhosis of the liver
Lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

Question 25

How is urine move through the ureter

Answer 25

Gravity and peristaltic contractions propel the urine

Question 26

Bladder contraction process

Answer 26

Parasympathetic stimulation contracts the bladder
Internal and external urethral sphincters
External sphincter under voluntary control