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Human Anatomy > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive tract/alimentary tract or canal

A

Tube from oral cavity to anus

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2
Q

GI tract

A

Refers to stomach and intestines

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3
Q

Accessory organs

A

Primarily glands

Secrete fluids into tract

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4
Q

Ingestion - function

A

Introduction of food into the stomach

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5
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

Increases surface area

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6
Q

Propulsion - function

A

Two types
Deglutition
Peristalsis

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7
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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8
Q

Peristalsis

A

Moves material through digestive tract

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9
Q

Secretion - function

A

Mucus - along entire digestive tract to lubricate food
Water - food easier to digest and absorb
Bile - emulsifies fats
Enzymes - chemical digestion

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10
Q

Digestion - function

A

Mechanical and chemical

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11
Q

Absorption - function

A

Movement from tract into circulation or lymph

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12
Q

Elimination - function

A

Waste products removed from body

Defecation

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13
Q

Functions of digestive system

A 
Ingestion 
Mastication 
Propulsion 
Mixing 
Secretion 
Digestion 
Absorption 
Eliminator
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14
Q

Mixing - function

A

Wave of smooth muscle relaxation moves ahead of bolus

Wave of contraction of smooth muscle behind bolus

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15
Q

Nervous regulation of digestive system (local)

A

Enteric nervous system

Coordinates peristalsis and regulates local reflexes

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16
Q

Nervous regulation of digestive system (general)

A

Coordination with CNS
May initiate reflexes because of sight, cell or taste of food
Primarily parasympathetic
Sympathetic inhibits (muscle contraction, secretion, blood flow to digestive tract)

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17
Q

Chemical regulation of digestive system

A

Production of hormones (gastrin, secretin)

Production of paracrine chemicals like histamine

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18
Q

Saliva produced by

A

Compound alveolar salivary glands

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19
Q

Saliva function

A

Prevent bacteria infection
Lubrication
Break down starch (salivary amylase)
Help form bolus for swallowing

20
Q

Salivary production caused by

A

Parasympathetic input

21
Q

Stomach openings

A

Gastroesophageal - from esophagus

Pyloric - to duodenum

22
Q

Small intestine

A

Site of greatest amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients and water

23
Q

Divisions of small intestine

A

Duodenum - first 25cm
Jejunum - 2.5m
Ileum - 3.5m

24
Q

Major sites of nutrient absorption

A

Duodenum and Jejunum

25
Q

Between Jejunum and Ileum there is a gradual decrease in

A

Diameter
Thickness of intestinal walls
Number of circular folds
Number of vili

26
Q

Hepatic ducts

A

Carry bile from liver lobes

Combine to form common hepatic duct

27
Q

Common hepatic duct

A

Combines with cystic duct from gallbladder to form common bile duct

28
Q

Common bile duct

A

combine with pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla

29
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

Empties bile and pancreatic secretions into duodenum at major duodenal papilla

30
Q

Accessory pancreatica duct

A

Empties pancreatic secretions into duodenum at minor duodenal papilla

31
Q

Functions of the liver

A 
Bile production 
Storage 
Nutrient interconversion 
Detoxification 
Phagocytosis 
Synthesis
32
Q

Bile production - function of liver

A

600 - 1000ml per day
Neutralises and dilutes stomach acid
Bile salts emulsify fats
Increase water and bicarbonate ion content of bile

33
Q

Storage - function of liver

A

Glycogen, fat, vitamins, copper and iron

34
Q

Detoxification - function of liver

A

Hepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to urea

35
Q

Synthesis - function of liver

A 
Albumins 
Fibrinogen 
Globulins 
Heparin 
Clotting factors
36
Q

Pancreas - endocrine

A

Pancreatic islets

Produce insulin, glucose and somatostatin

37
Q

Pancreas - exocrine

A

Grape-like clusters from lobules separated by septa

38
Q

Large intestine

A

Chyme converted to faeces

90% volume of chyme is reabsorbed in large intestine

39
Q

Large intestine divisions

A 
Cecum 
Ascending colon 
Transverse colon 
Descending colon 
Sigmoid colon 
Rectum 
Anal canal
40
Q

Cecum

A

Appendix attached

Part of large intestine

41
Q

Rectum

A

Straight muscular tube

Thick muscular tunic

42
Q

Anal canal

A

Internal anal sphincter - smooth muscle

External anal sphincter - skeletal muscle

43
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of food molecules for absorption into circulation

44
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Breaks large food particles to small

45
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breaking of covalent bonds by digestive enzymes

46
Q

Absorption and transport

A

Molecules moved out of digestive tract and into circulation for distribution throughout body

47
Q

Water and ions in small intestine

A

Water - move in either direction depending on gradient

Ions - actively transported

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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