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history > The Troubles in Northern Ireland > Flashcards

The Troubles in Northern Ireland Flashcards

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1
Q

where was the northern irish parliament

A

Storming outside Belfast

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2
Q

in which ways did the new Northern Irish state discriminate against Catholics

A
  • Gerrymandering ( tampering with the elections to make sure that Unionists always won)
  • multiple votes ( owners of property and business received additional votes)
  • highly paid jobs didn’t go to catholics
  • policing ( the royal ulster constabulary was almost exclusively protestant police force) it had part time special constabulary units such as the B Specials who were known for the violence against catholics
  • catholic schools received less funding from the government
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3
Q

what did the British government include Northern Ireland in after WW11

A

it’s new welfare state which is a new programme of social spending by the government that made education and health care free to everyone, built more public housing and increased social welfare payments

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4
Q

what was one of the most important effects of the welfare state on Northern Ireland

A

it greatly expanded the funding available to catholic schools

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5
Q

when did Terence O’Neill become Prime Minister of Northern Ireland

A

1963

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6
Q

what did Terence O’Neill want

A

he wanted to create a fairer northern Ireland and “build bridges between the two communites”

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7
Q

what were O’Neill’s economic policies

A

he used tax breaks and grants to attract new industries and foreign businesses to the province ( however is was mainly protestant east so catholic west was still poor)

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8
Q

how did O’Neill try to improve relations with Catholics

A
  • visiting catholic schools and hospitals
  • ordered flags to be flown at half mast when the pope died
  • met with Seán Lemass
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9
Q

why were some members of O’Neills party wary of his attempts to reconcile with Catholics

A

because they believed that this would undermine the position of the Unionists

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10
Q

What did Reverend Ian Paisley attack O’Neill for and what did he do

A

he attacked him for betraying the Union and Protestants of Northern Ireland

he launched an “O’Neill must go” campaign

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11
Q

who was a part of the new catholic and nationalist leaders that emerged in the late 60s

A

Gerry Fitt, John Hume, Austin Currie and Bernadette Devlin

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12
Q

when was the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) formed and what were its demands

A

it was formed in 1967 and its demands were

  • disband the B specials
  • end discrimination in housing and employment
  • allow one vote per person in local elections
  • end gerrymandering
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13
Q

what was NICRA committed to

A

peaceful means to achieve change

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14
Q

what were the methods of NICRA

A
  • organized marches
  • petitions
  • legal aid for people discriminated against
  • boycotts of businesses
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15
Q

how did the Unionists respond to NICRAS methods

A

the RUC banned marches, claiming a risk of violence between NICRA and extreme Unionist counter marches led by Ian Paisley

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16
Q

what happened at a march that went ahead in 1968

A

it was attacked by the RUC and there was mass rioting and violent clashes between Catholic youths and the RUC

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17
Q

O’Neill was forced to resign by his party in April 1969 and was replaced by

A

James Chichester - Clark

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18
Q

What happened at the Battle of the Bogside

A

there were riots when a march led by the Unionist Apprentice Bous passed through the Catholic Bogside area of Derry. The rioters drove the RUC out of the bogside and raised barricades across the streets and declared the area “Free Derry”

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19
Q

what did the british government do to end the violence in belfast, where unionists were attacking catholic homes

A

ordered the British army into the streets

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20
Q

what is Terrorism

A

the use of fear and acts of violence to try and change society or government policy for a political or ideological purpose

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21
Q

what did the Provisional IRA do

A

carried out attacks on the RUC and the army, planted bombs in Britain and Northern Ireland, killed innocent civilians who they claimed were working for the British

22
Q

what groups were set up on the Loyalist side

A

the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and the Ulster Defence Association (UDA)

23
Q

what are loyalists

A

unionists who are willing to use paramilitary violence to defend the union

24
Q

what did the loyalists do

A

they attacked catholic civilians as reprisals for IRA attacks

25
Q

what was the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP)

A

a nationalist political party and was led first by Gerry Fitt and then John Hume

26
Q

what did the SDLP want

A

to improve people’s lives

rejected the use of violence

27
Q

who founded the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP)

A

Ian Paisley

28
Q

what did the DUP do

A

opposed any compromise with nationalist and demanded harsh measures to deal with IRA violence

29
Q

what did the IRA do in 1971 and what did the army do in response

A

they carried out gun attacks on the security forces and organized youths in catholic areas to throw stones and riot

in response the army held house searched in these areas

30
Q

when did Brian Faulkner introduce the policy of internment

A

august 1971

31
Q

what is internment

A

the arrest and imprisonment of people without trial

32
Q

why was faulkner’s policy of internment a disaster

A
  • lots of innocent people were arrested while most of the IRA leaders escaped
  • only catholics were arrested even though loyalists had been attacking catholic communities
33
Q

what and when was Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland

A

30 January 1972

it was when NICRA organized a march to protest against interment in Derry. the British army was sent to the Bogside following reports of an IRA sniper. when catholic youths threw stones at an army barricade, the soldiers opened fire on the crowd

34
Q

when was the stormont parliament suspended

A

march 1972

35
Q

what was Willie Whitelaw appointed as

A

to act as Secretary of State in Northern Ireland

36
Q

what did Whitelaw do after the elections took place

A

he invited the party leaders to talks

37
Q

what did Whitelaw want to do

A

set up a power sharing government where nationalist and unionists would govern together

38
Q

what were the terms of the Sunningdalr Agreement

A
  • a power sharing executive would be established between the Unionist Party, the SDLP and the Alliance (small unionist party)
  • A council of Ireland was to be set up, consisting of politicians from the North and the Republic. it would promote cross border cooperation in areas such as the economy, farming and policing
39
Q

what did the oppostion of the Sunningdale agreement do

A
  • the IRA continued the violence
  • members of Faulkner’s own party and The DUP opposed power sharing with nationalist claiming it would lead to a united ireland
40
Q

what did the Ulster Worker’s Council do in May 1974

A

organized a general strike where goods couldn’t be transported, factories were shut down and the electricity supply was shut off.
The executive resigned and the Sunningdale Agreement collapsed

41
Q

what tactic did the IRA adopt within Britain and Northern Ireland

A

“spectaculars” which was staging large scale attacks on the British mainland to make Britain want to exit Northern Ireland e.g. the Birmingham Pub bombings

42
Q

What did loyalist terrorist groups attacks intend

A

to terrify the catholic population e.g. the Dublin and Monaghan Bombigs

43
Q

what were the hunger strikes

A

when prisoners in the Maze Prison wanted demanded political status so they went on hunger strike. Thatcher refused to concede to some of the strikers demands and 10 prisoners on hunger strike ( included bobby sands) died before the IRA called off the hunger strike

44
Q

what is political status

A

to be treated as political prisoners rather than as ordinary criminals

45
Q

what is hunger strike

A

refusing all food until demands were met

46
Q

what was the Anglo Irish Agreement 1885

A

when Garret FitzGerald and Margaret Thatcher agreed to increase security cooperation and that the Republic would have a role in the running of Northern Ireland .

47
Q

what did the Unionists do in opposition to the Anglo Irish Agreement

A

they staged huge demonstrations against it

48
Q

what was the Downing Street Declaration 1993

A

it set out the terms for all party talks on the future of Nothern Ireland and only parties committed to peace could be involved

49
Q

when did the IRA call a ceasefire and when did the Loyalist groups call their ceasefire

A

IRA - august 1994

Loyalist- october 1994

50
Q

who were the main people in the direct talks

A

David Trimble, John Hume, Gerry Adams, Bertie Ahern, Tony Blair

51
Q

what were the terms of the Good Friday Agreement

A
  • power sharing between main political parties
  • cross border bodies to link north and south
  • republic would give up its constitutional claim on northern ireland
  • release of IRA and loyalist prisoners from jail
  • decommissioning (surrendering of weapons by terrorist groups)
  • reform of the RUC and withdrawal of most british soldiers
52
Q

who was elected first and Deputy first minister of Nothern Ireland

A

Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness

history (12 decks)

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