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A + P 1 After Midterm > The Tissue Level > Flashcards

The Tissue Level Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of cells with a common embryological origin that function together to do specialized activities

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2
Q

What is histology?

A

the science that study the tissues

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3
Q

What are the tissues of the body?

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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4
Q

How do the cells within tissues remain anchored to other cells or structures?

A

by points of contact called cell junctions

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5
Q

What are the types of cell junctions?

A

tight, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap

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6
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

web-like strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse adjacent membranes, it prevents the passage of substances between the cells

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7
Q

What is an adherens junction?

A

transmembrane proteins and microfilaments form a dense layer of protein on the inside of the membrane called the plaque, resists separation of cells during contractile activites

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8
Q

What connects the plaques in an adherens junction, what does it form?

A

glycoproteins called cadherins on both cells connect the plaques and from the adhesion belt

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9
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

similar to adherens junctions but the plaque does not attach to microfilaments, the plaque attaches to the intermediate filaments, weld-like

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10
Q

What is the strongest cell junction?

A

desmosomes, weld like junctions are the strongest and prevent cells separation under tension during contraction

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11
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

half a desmosome, glycoproteins are integrins not cadherins, they anchor cells to the basement membrane, not to each other

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12
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

the plasma membranes are not fused (there is a gap in between), connexin proteins form fluid-filled channels in between the cells called connexeons

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13
Q

What are connexons?

A

connexin proteins forming a fluid filled channel between cells in gap junctions

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14
Q

What do gap junctions allow?

A

for physical intercellular communications

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15
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

the covering and lining tissues for surfaces, cavities, and ducts, also forms glands

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16
Q

What are the general features of epithelial tissue?

A

densely packed and arranged in sheets, many cell junctions, mitosis occurs frequently, attach to and supported by a basement membrane, is avascular but it does have a nerve supply, selective barrier, provide protective and secretory surfaces for the body, combine with nervous tissue to form special organs

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17
Q

What special organs can be formed when epithelial tissues combine with nervous tissue?

A

smell, hearing, vision, touch

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18
Q

What is an apical surface?

A

epithelial tissues always have this free surface that may contain cilia

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19
Q

What is a basal surface?

A

on epithelial tissue that is adhered to a basement membrane

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20
Q

What is a basement membrane?

A

a thin extracellular layer composed of basal lamina and reticular lamina.

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21
Q

What is the basal lamina of the basement membrane?

A

part of the hemidesmosome, made of proteins secreted by epithelial cells: laminin, collagen

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22
Q

What is the reticular lamina of the basement membrane?

A

made of collagen secreted by the fibroblasts of the connective tissue underneath

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23
Q

What are the functions of the basement membrane?

A

attaches and supports the overlying cells, provides surface for cell migration in growing and healing, restrict the passage of large molecules (filtration of blood in kidneys)

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24
Q

True or false: epithelial tissue has its own blood supply that supports the connective tissue underneath

A

False: has no blood supply, requires support from the connective tissue underneath

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25
Q

How are substances exchanged between the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue underneath?

A

exchanged by diffusion through the basement membrane

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26
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A

covering epithelium, glandular epithelium

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27
Q

True or false: glands are always formed by 3 or more cells

A

false: a gland can be a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

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28
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

a gland that is a single cell

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29
Q

Where do glandular cells lie?

A

in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium

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30
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

exocrine and endocrine

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31
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

secretes into ducts onto surfaces

32
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

secretes hormones into the blood in the absence of ducts

33
Q

True or false: some glands contain both exocrine and endocrine tissues

34
Q

give an example of an exocrine gland

A

sweat gland

35
Q

What type of exocrine glands are the most common?

A

multicellular exocrine glands

36
Q

What do unicellular exocrine glands do?

A

goblet cells secrete mucus onto the apical surface

37
Q

What is the structural classification of exocrine glands

A
  1. simple gland (duct does not branch), 2. Compound gland (duct branches - tubular glands, acinar (alveolar), tubulo-acinar gland)
38
Q

What is the function classification of exocrine glands?

A
  1. merocrine gland (release substances by exocytosis), 2. apocrine glands (apical portion of the cell is released by exocytosis), 3. holocrine glands (the entire cell ruptures and becomes secretion)
39
Q

What is the most common type of functional classification of exocrine glands?

A

merocrine glands (release substances by exocytosis)

40
Q

What do merocrine glands do?

A

release substances by exocytosis

41
Q

What do apocrine glands do?

A

the apical portion of the cell is released by exocytosis

42
Q

What do holocrine glands do?

A

the entire cell ruptures and become the secretion

43
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

secrete hormones into the blood stream in the absence of a duct

44
Q

What are the major endocrine glands in the body?

A

pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovary, testes

45
Q

What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body?

A

connective tissue

46
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

connects, binds, supports, stores energy, and provides immunity

47
Q

True or false: connective tissue always occurs in body surfaces

A

false: do not occur in body surfaces

48
Q

Connective tissue is highly vascular except in ___________ and ________

A

Connective tissue is highly vascular except in CARTILAGE and TENDONS

49
Q

Connective tissue is well nerve supplied except in ______________

A

Connective tissue is well nerve supplied except in CARTILAGE

50
Q

What does connective tissue consist of?

A

immature and mature cells, extracellular matrix secreted by the cells

51
Q

What are the two types of cells in connective tissue?

A

immature and mature

52
Q

Describe immature cells in connective tissue. Give three examples

A

capable of reproducing and secreting the matrix. ie. fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts

53
Q

Describe mature cells. Give three examples

A

differentiated after -blast cells secreted the matrix, reduced capacity for reproduction and matrix secretion. ie. fibrocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes

54
Q

What are the six cells of connective tissues?

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, leukocytes

55
Q

What are the characteristics of fibroblasts?

A

present in all general connective tissues, most numerous, secrete fibres and ground substance of the matrix

56
Q

What are the characteristics of macrophages

A

develop form monocytes (WBC) and are of two types: fixed and wandering

57
Q

What are the characteristics of plasma cells?

A

developed from the B lymphocytes, secrete antibodies

58
Q

What are the characteristics of mast cells?

A

abundant alongside BV of connective tissue, produce and release histamine, can ingest and kill bacteria

59
Q

What are the characteristics of adipocytes?

A

fat cells, store triglycerides

60
Q

What are the characteristics of leukocytes?

A

neutrophils: present in infections, eosinophils: present in allergic responses and parasitic infections

61
Q

What does the extracellular matrix of connective tissue consist of?

A

ground substance and fibres

62
Q

The ground substance of the matrix may be _____, _____, ______, or _____

A

the ground substance of the matrix may be FLUID, SEMIFLUID, GEL, or CALCIFIED

63
Q

What are the functions of the ground substance of the matrix?

A

supports and binds cells, stores water, medium for substance exchange

64
Q

What does the ground substance of the matrix contain?

A

water and many organic molecules

65
Q

What are the organic molecules in the ground substance of the matrix?

A

glycoaminoglycans (GAGs), Hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate

66
Q

What do glycoaminoglycans (GAGs) do in the ground substance of the matrix?

A

trap water and make the ground substance jelly like

67
Q

What does hyaluronic acid do in the ground substance of the matrix?

A

lubricates joints, helps maintain the shape of the eyeball, WBC, sperm, and some bacteria produce hyaluronidase helping them move easier in connective tissues

68
Q

What do chondroitin sulfate do in the ground substance of the matrix?

A

provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin and BV

69
Q

What are the functions of fibres in connective tissue?

A

strengthening and supporting connective tissues

70
Q

What are the three kinds of fibres in connective tissues?

A

collagen, elastic, reticular

71
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

collagen 25% of total

72
Q

What are the characteristics of collagen fibres?

A

very strong and flexible, consist of the protein collagen

73
Q

What do collagen fibres do in cartilage and bones?

A

form association with surrounding molecules, in cartilage collagen is surrounded by water giving it a cushioning effect

74
Q

What do collagen fibres do in dense connective tissues?

A

occur in parallel bundles, add tensile strength to tissue

75
Q

Describe elastic fibres

A

smaller in diameter than collagen, made of protein elastin surrounded by fibrillin for added strength and stability, form fibrous network within connective tissue, can be strethed up to 150% w/o breaking, plentiful in skin, BV, and lungs

76
Q

What are the characteristics of reticular fibres?

A

consists of fine bundles of collagen with glycoprotein coating, produced by the fibroblasts and are thinner than collagen

77
Q

Reticular fibres form the stroma of soft organs such as:

A

spleen, lymph nodes

A + P 1 After Midterm (8 decks)

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