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A + P 1 After Midterm > Inorganic Compounds and Solutions > Flashcards

Inorganic Compounds and Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

Most chemicals in the body exist as __________

A

Compounds

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2
Q

The main classes of compounds in the body are:

A

inorganic and organic

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3
Q

Describe the characteristics of inorganic compounds

A

structurally simple, only have a few atoms, can’t perform complex biological functions, lack carbon

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4
Q

What are the inorganic compounds that DO contain carbon

A

carbon dioxide and bicarbonate

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5
Q

What type of bonds do inorganic compounds have?

A

May have wither ionic or covalent bonds

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6
Q

What are the inorganic compounds in the body?

A

water, acids, bases, salts

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7
Q

How much of the body’s mass does water make up?

A

55%-60%

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8
Q

What is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems on Earth?

A

water

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9
Q

What medium do nearly all body’s chemical reactions occur?

A

water

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10
Q

What is water’s most important property?

A

the polarity of the covalent bonds in a water molecule

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11
Q

What is water a good solvent for?

A

other ionic or polar substance

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12
Q

What fluids in the body is water a major part of?

A

mucus, serous fluid, synovial fluid, body secretion

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13
Q

What are hydrophilic compounds?

A

solutes that contain polar covalent bonds, dissolve easily in water

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14
Q

What are hydrophobic compounds?

A

solutes that contain non-polar covalent bonds are not very water-soluble

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15
Q

What does water enable dissolved reactants to do?

A

collide to form products

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16
Q

Is water typically a reactant or product in a chemical reaction?

A

can be a reactant or a product in a chemical reaction

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17
Q

How does water help eliminate waste products in the body?

A

dissolves waste products to be eliminated in urine

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18
Q

What hydrolysis?

A

water added to large nutrient molecules to break them down into smaller molecules

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19
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

two smaller molecules join to form a larger one, water is removed

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20
Q

True or false: water does not have a high heat capacity

A

false: water does have a high heat capacity

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21
Q

How does absorbing or releasing heat affect the temperature of the water?

A

can absorb or release a large amount of hear with a modest change to its own temperature

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22
Q

What does water do with the heat energy it absorbs?

A

used to break its abundant hydrogen bonds first, leaving less energy to increase the temperature of the water

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23
Q

True or false: water does not require a large amount of heat to vaporize

A

false: water does require a large amount of heat to vaporize

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24
Q

How does sweat cool down the body?

A

sweat evapourates off skin removing heat

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25
Q

What is a mixture?

A

combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds

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26
Q

Give an example of a mixture

A

air is a mixture of gases

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27
Q

What is a solution?

A

liquid mixture

28
Q

What does a solvent do?

A

dissolves solutes

29
Q

Is there usually more solvent or solute?

A

solvent

30
Q

How are solutes dispursed in a solution?

A

remain evenly dispursed among the solvent molecules in a solution

31
Q

Do solutes settle out in a solution?

A

no

32
Q

How do colloids differ from solutions?

A

mainly on basis of greater molecular size

33
Q

Do solutes settle out in colloid?

A

no

34
Q

How is milk a colloid and a solution?

A

large proteins make colloid, calcium, lactose, and ions makes a solution

35
Q

What is suspension? Give an example of a suspension

A

suspended material is mixed with suspending medium for some time ie. blood

36
Q

Do solutes settle out in suspension?

A

yes

37
Q

When measuring a concentration of a solution what is the percentage referring to?

A

measures the mass of a solute per 100ml of solution

38
Q

To make a 15% concentrated solution what do you do?

A

put 15g of solute and add solvent until you reach 100ml of solution

39
Q

What is molarity?

A

measures moles of solute per litre (mo/L) of the solution, relates the total number of molecules or particles in a given solution

40
Q

What equals one mole?

A

amount in grams of any substance that has mass equal to combined atomic masses of all its atoms

41
Q

What is the Avogadro’s number?

A

one mole of any substance contains the same number of particles: 6.023 x 10^23 units/mole

42
Q

What is dissociation?

A

the process when inorganic salts, acids, or bases dissolve in water, they become separated into ions and become surrounded by water

43
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

hydrated ions from dissociation

44
Q

What are the main electrolytes in the body?

A

Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+

45
Q

What is an acid?

A

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen (H+) ions, one or more anions

46
Q

What is a base?

A

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide (OH-), one or more cations

47
Q

What is a salt?

A

a substance that dissociates into cations and anions that are neither H+ or OH-

48
Q

What forms salts?

A

acids and bases reacting with one another

49
Q

To ensure homeostasis intracellular and extracellular fluids must contain what?

A

almost balanced quantities of acids and bases

50
Q

What small change can affect chemical reactions?

A

the pH level of body fluids in which they occur

51
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

a solutions acidity or alkalinity expressed on a scale from 0-14

52
Q

What point on the pH scale expresses where the concentration of H+ and OH- are equal?

A

7

53
Q

What pH is distilled water?

A

7, considered neutral

54
Q

What is an acidic solution?

A

solution with more H+ than OH-, pH below 7

55
Q

What is a basic (alkaline) solution?

A

solution with more OH- than H+, pH above 7

56
Q

What happens to the pH of fluids inside and outside calls when strong acids and bases are taken into/formed by the body?

A

remains almost constant

57
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

58
Q

What are buffer systems?

A

functions to convert strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases

59
Q

How do strong acids and bases change the pH of a solution?

A

strong acids and bases ionize easily and contribute many H+ and OH- to a solution drastically changing the Ph

60
Q

Do weak acids and bases have the same effect on a solution as strong acids and bases?

A

no, weak acids and bases do not ionize easily, therefore, have a lesser effect on pH

61
Q

Under most circumstances, the body runs on a surplus of H+ or OH-?

A

H+

62
Q

The removal of excessive H+ depends on what?

A

buffer systems, exhalation of CO2 and kidney excretion of H+

63
Q

What is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) can act as a weak acid and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) can act as a weak base to compensate for either excess or shortage of H+

64
Q

What is the most abundant buffer system in the body?

A

protein buffer system

65
Q

What buffer system is important in intracellular fluid and urine?

A

phosphates buffer system

66
Q

How does the body eliminate excess H+ permanently?

A

kidney function

A + P 1 After Midterm (8 decks)

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