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A + P 1 After Midterm > Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

Cell Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: somatic and reproductive cells reproduce differently

A

true

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2
Q

What is generated during somatic cell division?

A

two genetically identical cells

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3
Q

How many chromosomes does a somatic cell have?

A

48

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4
Q

What is the division of the nucleus in somatic cell division called?

A

mitosis

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5
Q

What is generated during reproductive cell division?

A

produces gametes (sperm and egg), 4 non genetically identical cells

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6
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23

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7
Q

What is the division of the nucleus in reproductive cell division called?

A

meiosis

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8
Q

What is the division of the cytoplasm called?

A

cytokinesis

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9
Q

What are somatic cells that contain 23 pairs of chromosomes called?

A

diploid (2n) cells

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10
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

the two chromosomes of the pair, they look very similar

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11
Q

What is different about sex chromosomes?

A

designated X (large), Y (small)

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12
Q

What is a female sex chromosome?

A

XX

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13
Q

What is a male sex chromosome?

A

XY

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14
Q

What does a somatic cell go through in its life cycle?

A

interphase and mitotic (m) phase

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15
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

conventionally the interphase and mitotic phase of a somatic cell can be fit into a 24 hr cycle

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16
Q

What is G0 phase of interphase?

A

cells stay in G1 phase for a long time and may not reproduce, the exit cycle and stay in G0 phase

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17
Q

Give examples of body cells arrested in the G0 phase

A

skeletal muscle cell, neurons

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18
Q

What are chromatids?

A

the chromosomes during the mitotic prophase become visible as a pair of identical strands

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19
Q

What is a centromere?

A

it holds the chromatid pair together

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20
Q

When do the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus disappear during mitosis?

A

later in prophase

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21
Q

During metaphase what is aligns the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the centre of the cell?

A

mitotic spindle

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22
Q

What is the visible alignment of the chromatid pairs in the middle of the cell during metaphase called?

A

metaphase plate

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23
Q

What is the main thing that happens in anaphase?

A

chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

24
Q

How are chromosomes formed during mitotic anaphase?

A

centromere split separating the chromatid pair to form the chromosomes

25
Q

When does mitotic telophase begin?

A

after chromosomal movement stops

26
Q

When does mitotic telphase stop?

A

when cytokinesis is completed

27
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

begins in late anaphase forming the cleavage furrow pulls the plasma membrane inward

28
Q

What is a cleavage furrow?

A

a contractile ring that pulls the plasma membrane inward during cytokinesis, it is always perpendicular to the mitotic spindle

29
Q

What begins once cytokinesis is completed?

A

interphase

30
Q

What is the nuclear division of reproductive cells called?

A

meiosis

31
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes contain?

A

23

32
Q

What types of cells are gametes?

A

haploid (n)

33
Q

When does Meiosis I begin?

A

after the chromosomal replication is completed

34
Q

How does prophase I differ from mitotic prophase?

A

two sisters of chromatids of each homologous chromosome pair off and form a tetrad, the parts of chromatids within treads may be exchanged with one another in a process called crossing over

35
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

four chromatids

36
Q

what does crossing over result in?

A

genetic recombination which accounts for a large variety of the genetic pool of gametes

37
Q

What is crossing over?

A

part of the chromatids of two homologous chromosomes may be exchanged with one another

38
Q

When do tetrads line up along the metaphase plate?

A

metaphase I

39
Q

What happens during anaphase I?

A

the members of each homologous pair separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell, paired chromatids do not split, the remain together

40
Q

Each resulting cell of Meiosis I has _______(_) number of chromosomes

A

haploid (n)

41
Q

True or false: after meiosis I each cell contains only one member of each pair of the homologous chromosomes present in the starting cell

A

true

42
Q

True or false: meiosis II is similar to mitosis

A

true

43
Q

What is the net result of meiosis II?

A

four haploid cells genetically different from starting diploid cell

44
Q

What are the three possible destinies of cells?

A

remain alive and functional w/o dividing, grow and divide, or die

45
Q

What keeps the balance between cell proliferation and cell death?

A

homeostasis

46
Q

What within a cell can activate a protein for functioning?

A

enzymes cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdk’s)

47
Q

What within a cell can deactivate a protein?

A

enzymes

48
Q

What is the activation of Cdk’s at the appropriate time crucial for?

A

DNA replication, mitosis, cytokinesis

49
Q

What switches Cdk’s on and off?

A

cellular proteins called cyclins

50
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

the normal type of cell death and does not trigger inflammation

51
Q

What is necrosis?

A

pathological cell death and results from tissue injury and triggers inflammation

52
Q

What is gerontology?

A

the scientific study of the process and problems associated with aging

53
Q

What is geriatrics?

A

the branch of medicine that deals with the medical problems and care of elderly persons

54
Q

What is cessastion of mitosis?

A

normal cells can divide only for a certain number of times and then stop, a normal genetically progemmed event

55
Q

What are telomeres?

A

They are DNA sequences found at the tips of chromosomes, they protect the chromosomes from erosion and sticking to each other

56
Q

What happens to telomeres after each cycle?

A

shorten after each cell cycle

57
Q

With age why do tissues lose elasticity and stiffen?

A

glucose is madded to intracellular and extracellular proteins and this links adjacent proteins and with age more cross-links are formed

A + P 1 After Midterm (8 decks)

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