Connective Tissues

Question 1

How do you classify connective tissues?

Answer 1

embryonic and mature

Question 2

What type of connective tissue is mesenchyme? Give examples

Answer 2

embryonic: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 3

What type of connective tissue is mucous connective tissue? Give example

Answer 3

embryonic: umbillical cord

Question 4

What are the six types of mature connective tissue?

Answer 4

loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood, lymph

Question 5

When in life is mature connective tissue present? Where is it developed?

Answer 5

present after birth, developed from the mesenchyme

Question 6

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

Answer 6

areolar, adipose, reticular

Question 7

Which type of loose connective tissue is the most widely distributed?

Answer 7

areolar

Question 8

Adipocyte have one single ___________ droplet

Answer 8

triglyceride

Question 9

What loose connective tissue is the stroma of organs, for example, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes?

Answer 9

reticular

Question 10

What are the three types of dense connective tissue?

Answer 10

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

Question 11

What is dense regular tissue?

Answer 11

collagen arranged in bundles

Question 12

What is dense irregular tissue?

Answer 12

collagen arranged irregularly

Question 13

What is elastic dense connective tissue?

Answer 13

contains elastic fibres

Question 14

Give 3 examples of dense regular tissue

Answer 14

forms tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

Question 15

Give 3 examples of dense irregular tissue

Answer 15

forms muscle fascia, fibrous pericardium, periosteum

Question 16

Give 4 examples of elastic dense connective tissue

Answer 16

lung, artery, trachea, bronchial tubes

Question 17

What is cartilage?

Answer 17

a dense network of collagen and elastic fibres embedded in chondroitin sulfate

Question 18

What gives cartilage its strength?

Answer 18

collagen

Question 19

What gives cartilage its resilience and allows it to re-assume its original shape after deformity?

Answer 19

chondroitin

Question 20

What are cartilage cells called?

Answer 20

chondrocytes

Question 21

Where do chondrocytes occur?

Answer 21

within spaces called lacunae in the matrix

Question 22

What is the surface of most cartilage covered by? What does it contain? Are there exceptions?

Answer 22

perichondrium which contains BV and nerves. Exceptions: articular cartilage and growth plate cartilage

Question 23

What are the functions of cartilage?

Answer 23

plays important role as supporting tissue and is the precursor of bone and growth plates within bones

Question 24

True or false: cartilage is a relatively active tissue, grows quickly and repair proceeds quickly

Answer 24

False: cartilage is a relatively INACTIVE tissue, grows SLOWLY and repair proceeds SLOWLY

Question 25

What are the two patterns of cartilage growth?

Answer 25

interstitial and oppositional

Question 26

Describe interstitial cartilage growth

Answer 26

occurs during childhood and adolescence, the expansion occurs from within like bread rising

Question 27

Describe oppositional cartilage growth

Answer 27

starts later and continues through adolescence, growth occurs at outer surface and the cells of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts

Question 28

Does cartilage have nerves and blood vessels?

Answer 28

no

Question 29

Why doesn't cartilage have blood vessels?

Answer 29

secretes a substance preventing blood vessel growth

Question 30

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 30

hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic

Question 31

What is the most abundant types of cartilage?

Answer 31

hyaline

Question 32

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

Answer 32

ends of long bones, costal cartilage, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, embryonic and fetal skeleton

Question 33

What is the weakest type of cartilage? Why?

Answer 33

hyaline has no fibres in the matrix

Question 34

In what type of cartilage are the chondrocytes located among bundles of collagen fibers?

Answer 34

fibrocartilage

Question 35

What type of cartilage lacks perichondrium

Answer 35

fibrocartilage

Question 36

Where is fibrocartilage present?

Answer 36

pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci

Question 37

What is the strongest type of cartilage?

Answer 37

fibrocartilage

Question 38

In what type of cartilage are the chondrocytes placed in a threadlike network of elastic fibers?

Answer 38

elastic cartilage

Question 39

In elastic cartilage is the perichondrium present?

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

Where is elastic cartilage present?

Answer 40

epiglottis, external ear

Question 41

What tissues are bones composed of?

Answer 41

Osseous tissue, periosteum, red and yellow bone marrow, endosteum

Question 42

What are the 4 types of cells that osseous tissue contains?

Answer 42

osteoprogenitor cells, osteopblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Question 43

What do osteoprogenitor cells do?

Answer 43

bone stem cells able to differentiate into the other types of cells

Question 44

What do osteoblasts do?

Answer 44

bone-building cells that secrete matrix

Question 45

What are osteocytes?

Answer 45

mature bone cells

Question 46

What do osteoclasts do?

Answer 46

remodel bones and cause them to release calcium

Question 47

How do yo classify bones?

Answer 47

compact and spongey

Question 48

What is the basic unit of compact bone?

Answer 48

osteon

Question 49

What are the 4 parts of osteons?

Answer 49

lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central canal (haversian canal

Question 50

What are lamellae?

Answer 50

a part of an osteon that is concentric rings of mineral

Question 51

What are lacunae?

Answer 51

a part of an osteon that arenspaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

Question 52

What are canaliculi?

Answer 52

a part of an osteon that are routes for nutrients and waste exchange for osteocytes

Question 53

What is a central canal?

Answer 53

part of an osteon that contains blood vessels

Question 54

What is spongy bone also known as?

Answer 54

cancellous

Question 55

Spongy bone consists of columns of bone called____________ that contains:_______,_________,_______

Answer 55

Spongy bone consists of columns of bone called TRABECULAE that contains: LAMELLAE, OSTEOCYTES IN LUCUNAE, CANALICULI

Question 56

What does compact bone have that spongy bone does not?

Answer 56

central canal

Question 57

How are the osteons aligned in compact bone? What is the result?

Answer 57

aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the diaphysis, provides high resistance

Question 58

How are osteons in spongy bone aligned?culae

Answer 58

does not contain osteons, consists of trabeculae

Question 59

What is the periosteum

Answer 59

a tough connective tissue sheath and associated blood supply covering the bone except the articulating surfaces

Question 60

What is the periosteum composed of?

Answer 60

outer fibrous layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and inner osteogenic layer composed of cells that enable bone thickeness growth

Question 61

How does the periosteum protect the bone?

Answer 61

by attaching to it by perforating fibres

Question 62

Other than protecting the bone, what are the functions of the periosteum?

Answer 62

assists in fracture repair, helps nourishing the bone, serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons

Question 63

What is the endosteum

Answer 63

lines the medullary cavity, a single layer of bone forming cells that contribute to the thickening of the bone

Question 64

Describe yellow bone marrow

Answer 64

fatty tissue occupying the marrow cavity within the diaphysis, stores triglycerides as potential chemical energy reserve, contributes minimizing weight of long bones without compromising strength

Question 65

Describe red bone marrow

Answer 65

connective tissue that generates the blood cells via hemopoiesis, consists of developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and marcrophages within a network of reticular fibres

Question 66

What bones is red bone marrow present?

Answer 66

hip, sternum, vertebral bodies, ribs, skull

Question 67

Does an infant skeleton (<1yr) contain only red or only yellow bone marrow?

Answer 67

red