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A + P 1 After Midterm > Cytoplasm of the Cell > Flashcards

Cytoplasm of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

includes all cellular contents except the nucleus

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2
Q

What are the two portions of the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol and organelles

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3
Q

How much volume of the cell does the cytosol take up?

A

55%

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4
Q

What are the components of the cytosol?

A

water (75-90%) and dissolved and suspended components

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5
Q

Where do many metabolic reactions of the cell occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

Where is the cytoskeleton contained?

A

in cytosol

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7
Q

What forms the cytoskeleton?

A

three protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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8
Q

What do microfilaments include?

A

actin and myosin

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9
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments?

A

helps generate movement: muscle contraction, cell division, cell locomotion, providing mechanical support: anchoring cytoskeleton to integral proteins, support for microvilli

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10
Q

Which part of the cytoskeleton contains exceptionally strong filaments?

A

intermediate filaments

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11
Q

Where are intermediate filaments located?

A

in parts of the cell subjected to mechanical stress

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12
Q

What are the functions of intermediate filaments?

A

keep the organelles in position, help attach cells to one another

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13
Q

What part of the cytoskeleton consists of hollow tubes and made of tubulin

A

microtubules

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14
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

help to determine cell shape, and movement of organelles, chromosomes, cilia, and flagella

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15
Q

What are organelles?

A

specialized functional compartments within the cell

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16
Q

The number and types of organelles depend on what?

A

the functions of the cell

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17
Q

Where is the centrosome located?

A

near the nucleus

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18
Q

What does the centrosome consist of?

A

who centrioles, pericentriolar material

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19
Q

What are the functions of the centrosome?

A

growing of mitotic spindle in reproduction and the formation of microtubules in non-reproducing cells

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20
Q

What are cilia and flagella?

A

moving projections composed of microtubules

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21
Q

What do cilia do?

A

move-in coordination on the surface of cells and help sweep foreign particles out

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22
Q

How do flagella differ from cilia?

A

similar in structure but singular and much longer, moves entire cell and are only present in sperm cells

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23
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

the site for the synthesis of proteins

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24
Q

What do ribosomes contain?

A

ribosomal RNA

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25
True or false: all ribosomes in a cell are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
false: some are but there are some free ribosomes in the cytoplasm
26
What do ribosomes attached to the ER do?
synthesize proteins for organelles, the membrane, or for export
27
What do free ribosomes do?
synthesize proteins to be used in the cytosol or for other organelles
28
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
network of flattened sacs and tubules extending from the nuclear envelope
29
What makes up more than 50% of membranous surfaces in the cell?
ER
30
What are the two types of ER? How do they differ?
Rough: studded with ribosomes, produces secretory, membrane, and organelle proteins; Smooth: extends from rough ER, not studded, has enzymes for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids, release free glucose, Ca2+
31
What is the Golgi Complex and what does it do?
a small stack of flattened sacs close to the nucleus that produces secretory products and lysosomes
32
What organelle do secretory cells have many of?
Golgi complex
33
Proteins produced by the rough ER are transported to where?
Golgi complex
34
What are lysosomes
membrane-enclosed vesicles formed in the golgi complex
35
What pH are the digestive and hydrolytic enzymes at?
pH 5
36
What are the functions of lysosomes?
digest worn-out organelles, entire cells, contents of endosomes, phagosomes and pinocytic vesicles
37
What organelle generates most of the ATP? How?
mitochondria through the aerobic glycolysis
38
What organelle is more abundant in active cells?
mitochondria
39
What organelle can self replicate, why can they do that?
mitochondria have their own DNA inherited only from the mother
40
What are peroxisomes?
microbodies containing oxidases
41
What are the functions of peroxisomes?
eliminate toxic metabolic by-products
42
Can peroxisomes are proteasomes self replicate?
peroxisomes
43
What are proteasomes?
very tiny organelles that contain enzymes for degrading unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins. They cut proteins into smaller pieces for other enzymes to break them down into aa
44
What is usually the most prominent feature of the cell?
the nucleus
45
True or false: cells can only have one nucleus
false: most cells have one, but some more than one, or none
46
What does the nuclear envelope consist of?
a double membrane (two lipid-bilayers) with pores
47
True or false: nuclear pores are 10x smaller than the plasma membranes
False: nuclear pores are 10x bigger than the plasma membranes
48
How do small molecules and ions move through nuclear pores?
by diffusion
49
How do RNA and proteins pass through nuclear pores?
active transport
50
How many nucleoli does the nucleus usually contain?
one or several
51
What are nucleoli?
clusters of proteins, DNA, and RNA not enclosed by a membrane
52
What produces ribosomes?
nucleolus
53
Where in the cell are chromosomes?
in the nucleus
54
What makes up a chromosome?
contains genes, is one DNA molecule coiled with proteins
55
DNA with proteins and some RNA is called what?
chromatin
56
The total genetic information carried by one cell is called what?
the genome
57
How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?
46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent
58
DNA and RNA are chains of what?
repeating monomers called nucleotides
59
What does each nucleotide consist of?
1. nitrogenous base, 2. pentose sugar, and 3. phosphate group
60
What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?
adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
61
What is the sugar of DNA
deoxyribose
62
What is the nitrogenous base pairing of DNA?
A-T, G-C
63
What are the types of DNA?
nucelar and mitochondral
64
What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA?
adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil
65
What is the sugar of RNA
ribose
66
What is the nitrogenous pairing of RNA?
A-U, G-C
67
What are the types of RNA
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
68
DNA contains detailed plans for what?
each protein the cell needs
69
The primary structure of a protein is determined by what?
the sequence of amino acids
70
Each amino acid is coded by what?
a three nitrogenous base sequence in the DNA
71
How many bases at a time are used for protein synthesis?
three bases at a time
72
How many amino acids do we need a code for in the body?
20
73
What is a codon?
each combo of three nitrogenous bases within the DNA, each codon codes for one specific amino acid
74
codon CCG codes for what?
glycine
75
Condon AGT codes for what?
serine
76
Codon AUG codes for methionine?
methionine
77
What is the first step in protein synthesis?
transcription
78
How are RNA molecules made?
the sequence of nucleotide triplets in the DNA (codon) serves as a template for copying info into a complementary sequence of codons that form the structure of the RNA molecule
79
What does mRNA mean? What does it do?
messenger RNA directs the synthesis of the protein
80
What does rRNA mean? What does it do?
ribosomal RNA that joins ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes
81
What does tRNA mean? What does it do?
transfer RNA binds to one aa on one end and holds it in place on a ribosome until incorporated into a protein.
82
What is an anticodon?
on the other end of an amino acid that is complementary to the specific codon of the mRNA
83
How many strands of DNA serves as a template for RNA synthesis?
two
84
What is a promoter?
special codon of the DNA located near the beginning of a gene, transcription begins here
85
What is a terminator?
a special codon that specifies the end of a gene, transcription ends here
86
What are exons?
The part of the gene in the DNA strand being transcribed that code for the parts of a protein
87
What are introns?
the part of the gene in the DNA strand being transcribed that are between the exons and do not code for any part of the protein
88
True or false: in newly formed mRNA from the transcription process both exons and introns are copied and both are needed
false: in newly formed mRNA from the transcription process both exons and introns are copied but only exons needed
89
What is pre-mRNA?
RNA formed in the transcription process
90
How is the final functional mRNA formed?
after enzymes cut out introns and splice together the exons from the pre-mRNA
91
How do 500k-1mil human proteins come from 30k genes in the human genome?
by alternate splicing of the mRNA molecules and chemical modifications of proteins in the Golgi complex
92
What is alternative splicing of mRNA?
produces many more different mRNA than available genes in the DNA, one gene may code for 10+ different proteins
93
What is chemical modification?
occurs in Golgi complex, one protein can produce 2+ different proteins
94
Where does translation occur?
in the ribosomes within the cytoplasm of the cell
95
Where on the ribosomes is the binding site for mRNA?
a small subunit
96
What are the binding sites for tRNA on the ribosome?
P (peptidyle), A (aminoacyle), E (Exit)
97
What is the peptidyl site on a ribosome for?
for tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
98
What is the aminoacyl site for on a ribosome?
for the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added
99
What is the exit site for on a ribosome?
binds to tRNA before releasing
100
When does translation start?
when one mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome
101
What is the start codon?
AUG: methionine
102
What is initiator-tRNA
a special tRNA that binds to the start codon on mRNA
103
At what rate does translation progress at?
15 peptide bonds per second
104
How can several identical proteins be assembled at the same time?
as one ribosome attaches and moves along the mRNA, another ribosome may attach behind it and begin translation of the same RNA
105
When does protein synthesis end?
when the ribosome reaches a stop codon at the A site
106
What are the stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
107
What happens when translation reaches one stop codon?
the completed protein detaches from the final tRNA, the tRNA vacates the P site and the ribosome splits back into its large and small subunits

A + P 1 After Midterm (8 decks)

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