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A + P 1 After Midterm > Cytoplasm of the Cell > Flashcards

Cytoplasm of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

includes all cellular contents except the nucleus

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2
Q

What are the two portions of the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol and organelles

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3
Q

How much volume of the cell does the cytosol take up?

A

55%

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4
Q

What are the components of the cytosol?

A

water (75-90%) and dissolved and suspended components

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5
Q

Where do many metabolic reactions of the cell occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

Where is the cytoskeleton contained?

A

in cytosol

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7
Q

What forms the cytoskeleton?

A

three protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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8
Q

What do microfilaments include?

A

actin and myosin

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9
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments?

A

helps generate movement: muscle contraction, cell division, cell locomotion, providing mechanical support: anchoring cytoskeleton to integral proteins, support for microvilli

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10
Q

Which part of the cytoskeleton contains exceptionally strong filaments?

A

intermediate filaments

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11
Q

Where are intermediate filaments located?

A

in parts of the cell subjected to mechanical stress

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12
Q

What are the functions of intermediate filaments?

A

keep the organelles in position, help attach cells to one another

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13
Q

What part of the cytoskeleton consists of hollow tubes and made of tubulin

A

microtubules

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14
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

help to determine cell shape, and movement of organelles, chromosomes, cilia, and flagella

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15
Q

What are organelles?

A

specialized functional compartments within the cell

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16
Q

The number and types of organelles depend on what?

A

the functions of the cell

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17
Q

Where is the centrosome located?

A

near the nucleus

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18
Q

What does the centrosome consist of?

A

who centrioles, pericentriolar material

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19
Q

What are the functions of the centrosome?

A

growing of mitotic spindle in reproduction and the formation of microtubules in non-reproducing cells

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20
Q

What are cilia and flagella?

A

moving projections composed of microtubules

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21
Q

What do cilia do?

A

move-in coordination on the surface of cells and help sweep foreign particles out

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22
Q

How do flagella differ from cilia?

A

similar in structure but singular and much longer, moves entire cell and are only present in sperm cells

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23
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

the site for the synthesis of proteins

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24
Q

What do ribosomes contain?

A

ribosomal RNA

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25
Q

True or false: all ribosomes in a cell are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

A

false: some are but there are some free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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26
Q

What do ribosomes attached to the ER do?

A

synthesize proteins for organelles, the membrane, or for export

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27
Q

What do free ribosomes do?

A

synthesize proteins to be used in the cytosol or for other organelles

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28
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

network of flattened sacs and tubules extending from the nuclear envelope

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29
Q

What makes up more than 50% of membranous surfaces in the cell?

A

ER

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30
Q

What are the two types of ER? How do they differ?

A

Rough: studded with ribosomes, produces secretory, membrane, and organelle proteins; Smooth: extends from rough ER, not studded, has enzymes for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids, release free glucose, Ca2+

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31
Q

What is the Golgi Complex and what does it do?

A

a small stack of flattened sacs close to the nucleus that produces secretory products and lysosomes

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32
Q

What organelle do secretory cells have many of?

A

Golgi complex

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33
Q

Proteins produced by the rough ER are transported to where?

A

Golgi complex

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34
Q

What are lysosomes

A

membrane-enclosed vesicles formed in the golgi complex

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35
Q

What pH are the digestive and hydrolytic enzymes at?

A

pH 5

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36
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A

digest worn-out organelles, entire cells, contents of endosomes, phagosomes and pinocytic vesicles

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37
Q

What organelle generates most of the ATP? How?

A

mitochondria through the aerobic glycolysis

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38
Q

What organelle is more abundant in active cells?

A

mitochondria

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39
Q

What organelle can self replicate, why can they do that?

A

mitochondria have their own DNA inherited only from the mother

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40
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

microbodies containing oxidases

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41
Q

What are the functions of peroxisomes?

A

eliminate toxic metabolic by-products

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42
Q

Can peroxisomes are proteasomes self replicate?

A

peroxisomes

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43
Q

What are proteasomes?

A

very tiny organelles that contain enzymes for degrading unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins. They cut proteins into smaller pieces for other enzymes to break them down into aa

44
Q

What is usually the most prominent feature of the cell?

A

the nucleus

45
Q

True or false: cells can only have one nucleus

A

false: most cells have one, but some more than one, or none

46
Q

What does the nuclear envelope consist of?

A

a double membrane (two lipid-bilayers) with pores

47
Q

True or false: nuclear pores are 10x smaller than the plasma membranes

A

False: nuclear pores are 10x bigger than the plasma membranes

48
Q

How do small molecules and ions move through nuclear pores?

A

by diffusion

49
Q

How do RNA and proteins pass through nuclear pores?

A

active transport

50
Q

How many nucleoli does the nucleus usually contain?

A

one or several

51
Q

What are nucleoli?

A

clusters of proteins, DNA, and RNA not enclosed by a membrane

52
Q

What produces ribosomes?

A

nucleolus

53
Q

Where in the cell are chromosomes?

A

in the nucleus

54
Q

What makes up a chromosome?

A

contains genes, is one DNA molecule coiled with proteins

55
Q

DNA with proteins and some RNA is called what?

A

chromatin

56
Q

The total genetic information carried by one cell is called what?

A

the genome

57
Q

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

A

46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent

58
Q

DNA and RNA are chains of what?

A

repeating monomers called nucleotides

59
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of?

A
  1. nitrogenous base, 2. pentose sugar, and 3. phosphate group
60
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

61
Q

What is the sugar of DNA

A

deoxyribose

62
Q

What is the nitrogenous base pairing of DNA?

A

A-T, G-C

63
Q

What are the types of DNA?

A

nucelar and mitochondral

64
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil

65
Q

What is the sugar of RNA

A

ribose

66
Q

What is the nitrogenous pairing of RNA?

A

A-U, G-C

67
Q

What are the types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

68
Q

DNA contains detailed plans for what?

A

each protein the cell needs

69
Q

The primary structure of a protein is determined by what?

A

the sequence of amino acids

70
Q

Each amino acid is coded by what?

A

a three nitrogenous base sequence in the DNA

71
Q

How many bases at a time are used for protein synthesis?

A

three bases at a time

72
Q

How many amino acids do we need a code for in the body?

A

20

73
Q

What is a codon?

A

each combo of three nitrogenous bases within the DNA, each codon codes for one specific amino acid

74
Q

codon CCG codes for what?

A

glycine

75
Q

Condon AGT codes for what?

A

serine

76
Q

Codon AUG codes for methionine?

A

methionine

77
Q

What is the first step in protein synthesis?

A

transcription

78
Q

How are RNA molecules made?

A

the sequence of nucleotide triplets in the DNA (codon) serves as a template for copying info into a complementary sequence of codons that form the structure of the RNA molecule

79
Q

What does mRNA mean? What does it do?

A

messenger RNA directs the synthesis of the protein

80
Q

What does rRNA mean? What does it do?

A

ribosomal RNA that joins ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

81
Q

What does tRNA mean? What does it do?

A

transfer RNA binds to one aa on one end and holds it in place on a ribosome until incorporated into a protein.

82
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

on the other end of an amino acid that is complementary to the specific codon of the mRNA

83
Q

How many strands of DNA serves as a template for RNA synthesis?

A

two

84
Q

What is a promoter?

A

special codon of the DNA located near the beginning of a gene, transcription begins here

85
Q

What is a terminator?

A

a special codon that specifies the end of a gene, transcription ends here

86
Q

What are exons?

A

The part of the gene in the DNA strand being transcribed that code for the parts of a protein

87
Q

What are introns?

A

the part of the gene in the DNA strand being transcribed that are between the exons and do not code for any part of the protein

88
Q

True or false: in newly formed mRNA from the transcription process both exons and introns are copied and both are needed

A

false: in newly formed mRNA from the transcription process both exons and introns are copied but only exons needed

89
Q

What is pre-mRNA?

A

RNA formed in the transcription process

90
Q

How is the final functional mRNA formed?

A

after enzymes cut out introns and splice together the exons from the pre-mRNA

91
Q

How do 500k-1mil human proteins come from 30k genes in the human genome?

A

by alternate splicing of the mRNA molecules and chemical modifications of proteins in the Golgi complex

92
Q

What is alternative splicing of mRNA?

A

produces many more different mRNA than available genes in the DNA, one gene may code for 10+ different proteins

93
Q

What is chemical modification?

A

occurs in Golgi complex, one protein can produce 2+ different proteins

94
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

in the ribosomes within the cytoplasm of the cell

95
Q

Where on the ribosomes is the binding site for mRNA?

A

a small subunit

96
Q

What are the binding sites for tRNA on the ribosome?

A

P (peptidyle), A (aminoacyle), E (Exit)

97
Q

What is the peptidyl site on a ribosome for?

A

for tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

98
Q

What is the aminoacyl site for on a ribosome?

A

for the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added

99
Q

What is the exit site for on a ribosome?

A

binds to tRNA before releasing

100
Q

When does translation start?

A

when one mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome

101
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG: methionine

102
Q

What is initiator-tRNA

A

a special tRNA that binds to the start codon on mRNA

103
Q

At what rate does translation progress at?

A

15 peptide bonds per second

104
Q

How can several identical proteins be assembled at the same time?

A

as one ribosome attaches and moves along the mRNA, another ribosome may attach behind it and begin translation of the same RNA

105
Q

When does protein synthesis end?

A

when the ribosome reaches a stop codon at the A site

106
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

107
Q

What happens when translation reaches one stop codon?

A

the completed protein detaches from the final tRNA, the tRNA vacates the P site and the ribosome splits back into its large and small subunits

A + P 1 After Midterm (8 decks)

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