the thermoregulatory system

Question 1

what is homeostasis?

Answer 1

the process by which the internal environment of an organism is controlled

Question 2

what can responses to change be made through?

Answer 2

nerves and hormones

Question 3

what does homeostasis allow the control of?

Answer 3

-blood glucose levels
-internal body temperature

Question 4

what happens when the body detects changes in temperature?

Answer 4

they respond and corrects them to a ‘set point’ by a mechanism known as negative feedback

Question 5

what is the body temperature of… human?

Answer 5

36.1-37.2 degrees C

Question 6

what is the body temperature of… dog?

Answer 6

37.9- 39.9 degrees C

Question 7

what is the body temperature of… pig?

Answer 7

38.7- 39.8 degrees C

Question 8

what is the body temperature of… chicken?

Answer 8

40.6- 43.0 degrees C

Question 9

where is the thermoregulatory system located?

Answer 9

the hypothalamus

Question 10

what is the change in temperature detected by?

Answer 10

thermoreceptors in brain and skin

Question 11

what are the 3 stages when change in temperature is detected?

Answer 11

1. stimulates thermoreceptors- this relays info via sensory neurons to the hypothalamus
   2.the hypothalamus sends information via motor neurons to effectors- e.g., skin
   3.response occurs- e.g., sweating or shivering

Question 12

response to high temperature:
what is vasodilation?

Answer 12

arterioles dilate -allows more blood to enterthe capilliaries

Question 13

response to high temperature:
what is Pilorelaxation?

Answer 13

Pilli erector muscles relax- lowers hairs feathers on skin- so air can circulate

Question 14

response to high temperature:
what is sweating?

Answer 14

glands secrete sweat onto the skin - when it evaporates it takes heat away

Question 15

response to high temperature:
what is gular fluttering?

Answer 15

increases heat loss through mouth -occurs in birds

Question 16

response to high temperature:
what is panting?

Answer 16

panting is the process of evaporation of water within nasal passages, mouth, lungs and air sacs (in birds)

Question 17

response to high temperature:
what are behavioral changes?

Answer 17

changing out body gives a larger surface area for heat loss

Question 18

response to low temperature:
what is vasoconstriction?

Answer 18

arterioles constrict- so less blood flows

Question 19

response to low temperature:
what is piloerection?

Answer 19

Pilli erector muscles contract causing hair and feathers on skin to be raised- traps a layer of insulating air

Question 20

response to low temperature:
what is shivering?

Answer 20

muscles contract and relax rapidly and cause heat to be produced by friction and respiration

Question 21

response to low temperature:
what is brown adipose tissue (BAT)?

Answer 21

cells take lipids and run them through the mitochondria to generate heat

Question 22

response to low temperature:
what are behavioral changes?

Answer 22

curling up causes a smaller surface area for heat to escape

Question 23

what is metabolic rate?

Answer 23

it gives of heat so that animals can alter their internal body temperature

Question 24

what is hypothermia?

Answer 24

when body temperature drops below normal temperature

Question 25

what are the symptoms of hypothermia?

Answer 25

mild symptoms- weakness, shivering, lack of alertness
moderate symptoms- muscle stiffness, low blood pressure
severe symptoms- fixed or dilate pupils, in audible heartbeat, difficulty breathing, coma
can result in death

Question 26

what is hyperthermia?

Answer 26

the elevation of body temperature from normal body temperature

Question 27

what are the symptoms of hyperthermia?

Answer 27

panting, dehydration, reddening of gums, decease of urination, uncoordinated movement, unconsciousness
can lead to organ dysfunction and death

Question 28

what are three types of adaptations?

Answer 28

-physiological
-anatomical
-behavioral

Question 29

what are physiological adaptations?

Answer 29

adaptations in animals body processes

Question 30

what are anatomical adaptations?

Answer 30

adaptations in animals shape and structures

Question 31

what are behavioral adaptations?

Answer 31

adaptations in the animal’s language, tool, survival strategies

Question 32

what are the three-selection pressure on variation?

Answer 32

-stabilizing
-directional
-diversifying/ disruptive

Question 33

what is stabilizing selection pressure?

Answer 33

reducing the variation between DNA

Question 34

what is directional selection pressure?

Answer 34

encourages a particular new phenotype -due to changes in the environment

Question 35

what is diversifying/disruptive selection pressure?

Answer 35

increases the variation between animals’ DNA