The theories of learning

Question 1

What is operant conditioning ?

Answer 1

Skinner
1. based on trail and error
2. shapes behaviour
3. manipulates the environment
- manipulative approach y
to ensure skills are learned
- uses reinforcement to link correct response to a stimulus

Question 2

What is positive reinforcement ?

Answer 2

• pleasant stimulus to encourage correct response
• E.g Offering praise for completing the correct skill

Question 3

What is negative reinforcement ?

Answer 3

• withdrawing unpleasant stimulus to encourage correct response
• A coach repeatedly tells a player they are doing the skill wrong and is shouting, when the coach goes quiet, the performer knows they have done the skill correctly
• Increases the likelihood pf the correct skill being repeated

Question 4

What is punishment ?

Answer 4

• A coach gives an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from happening again.
• The player who commits a bad foul get’s a red card - prevents it from happening again

Question 5

What are the 4 stages of observational learning ?

Answer 5

Bandura
1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor production
4. Motivation

Question 7

What is the first stage of observational learning ?

Answer 7

Attention
- Making sure that the athlete is taking note of relevant cues
- demonstration should be attractive to maximise attention

Question 7

What is the second stage of observational learning ?

Answer 7

Retention
- Ability to remember important information and recall it from the memory system
- More successful when information is broken down into chunks
-Learner should attempt the skill as soon as they have seen it modelled

Question 7

What is the fourth stage of observational learning ?

Answer 7

Motivation
- The drive an athlete needs to copy the activity
- can be gained through praise and rewards
- Offering positive feedback or positive reinforcement

Question 7

What is the third stage of observational learning ?

Answer 7

Motor Production
- Making sure the player is capable to copy the demonstration
- Player should gradually be able to build the difficulty of the skill

Question 8

What was Vygotsky’s theory ?

Answer 8

The social development theory

Question 9

What is the social development theory ?

Answer 9

• interaction plays a vital role in learning
• influential people = more knowledgeable others (MKO)
• picked up through advice, demonstration but also work ethic and clear communication

Question 10

What is inter-psychological learning ?

Answer 10

Learning from an MKO externally (feedback, advice)

Question 11

What intra-psychological learning ?

Answer 11

learning from within after gaining external knowledge from others

Question 12

What is constructivism ?

Answer 12

Building up learning in stages, based on the current levels of performance

Question 13

What are the three parts of vygotskys theory ?

Answer 13

1. What can I do alone ?
2. What can I do with help ?
3. What can I not do yet ?

Question 14

Who researched insight learning ?

Answer 14

Gestaltist theory ( a group of German psychologists)

Question 16

What does the insight theory suggest ?

Answer 16

• Performer uses existing knowledge to learn how to deal with a problematic situation
• Done by using general sporting knowledge
• if the knowledge they use works, they continue to use it
• This mean the athlete has learnt how to change their behaviour

Question 17

What are the key advantages of the insight theory ?

Answer 17

• Concentrates on the whole task
• Can be used in real life situations
• As the athlete has worked it out for themselves it provides self-satisfaction
• Creates more understanding as athlete is thinking for themselves

Question 18

What is a disadvantage of the insight learning ?

Answer 18

Not suitable for cognitive learners