Informational processing Flashcards
What is information processing ?
The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised
What is the input stage ?
- First process
- Performer picks up information from the environment using the senses
- E.G the court, the crowd, the ball, the officials etc
What is display ?
sporting environment (e.g opposition, court and crowd)
What are the 5 receptor systems ?
- sight
- auditory sense
- touch
- balance
- kinesthesis
How is vision used in sport ?
- performers picking up flight of ball or position of oponent through sight
How is auditory sense used in sport ?
- a player may hear a call from a team mate
What are the external senses ?
- sight
- hearing
How is touch used in sport ?
- Used to feel the grip on the ball
- Springboard diver feels the board through their feet
How is balance used in sport ?
A netballer taking a shot needs balance to ensure accuracy
What is kinsthesis ?
The inner sene that gives information about body position and muscular tension
How is kinesthesis used in sport ?
- A swimmer needs to be aware of their muscles during a tumble turn
What are the external senses ?
- touch
- kinesthesis
- balance
What are proprioceptors ?
The senses that provide internal information from within the body
What is decision making ?
- Second stage of informational processing
- A decision made based on the information collected by the senses
- E.g. crowd, who can receive a pass, who’s most likely to receive the ball
What is selective attention ?
- a process that helps the sports performer to separate the relevant information from the irrelevant information
- E.g paying attention to other players on court but filtering ut the sound of the crowd
- In top class performers selective attention is almost automatic
How can selective attention improve ?
- Training with more intense stimuli which helps an athlete better their concentration
- E.g making noise louder or lights brighter
- Increasing motivation
- Mental practise
What are the benefits to improving selective attention ?
- significantly improves reaction time
- By focusing on relevant information - the correct decision is more likely to be made
- Doesn’t overload the working memory
What is perception ?
- The process of coding and interpreting sensory information supplied by the senses
- Perceptual stage has three parts
- Detection, comparison and recognition
What is the Detection part of the perceptual stage ?
- Athlete has picked up the relevant information
- Identified information as important
What is the comparison part of the perceptual stage ?
- the attempt to match the important information to information already in athletes memory
What is the recognition part of the perceptual stage ?
- the performer has used information from the memory to identify an appropriate response
- Then the response can be put into action
What are translatory mechanisms ?
- convert information so decisions can be made
- this uses past experiences so information can be linked with them
- then sent to the memory system
- similar actions which have been stored can be recognised and used
- E.g In a tennis return, the information about the flight of the ball and the position of the opponent are compared to an appropriate image of a backhand return
- Experienced athletes have more efficient translatory mechanisms
What is the effector mechanism ?
The network of nerves that are responsible for delivering the decisions to the muscles.
This allows them to perform the action the perceptual process decided to deliver
What is the muscular output system ?
- The muscles will receive the information through coded impulses
- Once the impulse is received the muscle will contract which allows the response to happen
What is the feedback part of informational processing ?
- Feedback is the information used during or after the response to help with movement correction
What is the order of Whitings model ?
- Environment
- Display
- Sensory organs
- Perceptual mechanism
- Translatory mechanism
- Effector mechanism
- Muscle pick impulse up + contract
- Output / response
- Feedback is available (intrinsically + extrinsically)
