The test JB's version Flashcards
3 processes by which a skin graft obtains nutrition
Plasmatic imbibition, inosculation and re-vascularization
Cat specifics when it comes to skin
Decreased vascularity vs dogs
Longer healing time - lower rates of granulation (2x’s longer than dogs), epithelialization, contraction
Critical to preserve the Sub Q
Deploarizing neuromuscular blockade
Name 2 and how do they work “briefly”
Succinylcholine, decamethonium
These drugs mimic ACh
Binds acetylycholine receptors, result in persistent depolarization (Na channels left open = Na inactivation). And receptor burn out - reason uncertain
Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade
Name 2 and how do they work “briefly”
Atracurium, pancuronium, vecuronium
These drugs block ACh.
Block ACh post synaptic receptors so no ACh stimulation
Clinical highlights of depoloarizing NM blockade?
Deploarizing = Initially get muscle fasciculation. Paralysis due to prolonged depolarization of the motor end plate. Paralysis is not reversed by anti-cholinesterase drugs but rather metabolism by pseudocholinesterase
Clinical highlights of non-depoloarizing NM blockade?
Gradual relaxation (no mm fasiculations) Can be partially reversed by anti cholinesterase drugs: Neo or Pyrido stigmine, edrophonium
Succinylcholine adverse effects
- Sore next day (fasciculation?)
- Hyperkalemia (K from skeletal mm)
- Malignant hyperpyrexia - Fast wicked high rise in temp +/- rigidity. Usually if give with halothane. Tx signs and use bicarb and dantrolene sodium (1-2mg/lb)
- Histamine release
- Tachycardia and hypertension (symp stim). but can sometimes get brady cardia
Decamethonium adverse effect
Same as succinylcholine except -
- no histamine release
- no metabolism (excreted by kidneys [so no usey if bad kidneys])
- longer duration of action (not metabolized by plasma cholinesterase)
Pancuronium (highlights)
non depolarizing
no histamine or catecholamine release
effects enhanced by inhalants
Major portion excreted unchanged in pee
Atracurium
- non depolarizing
- can give as infusion
- Hoffman elimination (chemical run) no liver or kidney involved
Vecuronium
- non depolarizing
- short onset and duration
- potential choice for renal failure (40% eliminated in bile, 15% through kidney)
What affect, if any could temp have on blockade?
hyperthermia
-prolongs depolarizing and antagonizes non-depolarizing
hypothermia
- prolongs non-depolarizing
What affect if any does respiratory acidosis have on blockade
Augments non-depolarizing blockade
Vicious cycle = inadequate reversal causes depressed ventilation which causes reap acidosis
Why would you give atropine with a neuromuscular blockade reversal
Reversals are anti cholinesterase drugs. By blocking AChesterase they increase the amt of ACh to compete with non-deploarizing blockers for the receptor.
Also get muscarinic stimulation (salivation, bradycardia, increased intestinal motility)
Atropine is an anticholinergic and will help decrease those side effects
Can you reverse succinylcholine
No. Paralysis is reversed by metabolism by pseudocholinesterase
How much trachea can be removed in
Adult
Puppy
Adult - 25-50%
Puppy - 20-25%
tobias says experimentally 15-27 rings
What kind of muscle is the trachealis muscle?
Is it dorsal or ventral
Primarily composed of transversely oriented smooth muscle fibers
Dorsal
What is the blood supply to the trachea
Segmental - from the cranial and caudal thyroid attires. Except near the corona - here it shift primarily to the bronchoesophageal arteries.
How are AB’s incorporated into PMMA beads released?
Bimodal manner (rapid phase then slow)
How much of the antibiotic used is released in the rapid phase and how long is this period
5% of total AB used is released in first 24 hours.
What affect does the addition of Metronidazole have on polymerization of PMMA? And what does that mean for you clinically?
The addition of metronidazole even at very low concentrations (100:1) significantly delays polymerization (hardening). Taking up to about 48 hours (apposed to the normal 5-10 minutes)
Local AB tissue concentrations have been reported to reach up to _______x’s greater than when given systemically
200 (per Saygeh Compend 2003)
20 (per Ramos etal vet surg 2003)
It is estimated that the area receiving therapeutic levels of AB’s may reach?
2-3mm
How long does elution of AB’s persist from PMMA?
21 days in a uniform dose dependent manner is commonly reported (probably longer)